Effect of magnetized plasma on shadow and gravitational lensing of a Reissner–Nordström black hole

Abstract

We explore the influence of the axion–plasmon on the optical properties of the charged black hole and show how the axion–plasmon coupling modifies the motion of photons around the charged black hole. We then explore in details observational effects such as the black hole shadow, the gravitational deflection angle, Einstein rings and shadow images obtained by radially infalling gas on a black hole within a plasma medium. An important finding is that the intensity of the electromagnetic radiation increases with the increase of charge and the size of the black hole shadow decreases with increase of the electric charge for a fixed axion–plasmon coupling values when observed from sufficiently large distance. Overall, for a constant value of charge the optical appearance of the black hole shadow depends on the surrounding plasma model and the largest shadow radius if found for the case of no plasma, while the smallest shadow radius is found for the case of homogeneous plasma.