Abstract
Nanomaterials are structures whose exceptionality is based on their large surface, which is closely connected with reactivity and modification possibilities. Due to these properties nanomaterials are used in textile industry (antibacterial textiles with silver nanoparticles), electronics (high-resolution imaging, logical circuits on the molecular level) and medicine. Medicine represents one of the most important fields of application of nanomaterials. They are investigated in connection with targeted therapy (infectious diseases, malignant diseases) or imaging (contrast agents). Nanomaterials including nanoparticles have a great application potential in the targeted transport of pharmaceuticals. However, there are some negative properties of nanoparticles, which must be carefully solved, as hydrophobic properties leading to instability in aqueous environment, and especially their possible toxicity. Data about toxicity of nanomaterials are still scarce. Due to this fact, in this work we focused on studying of the effect of magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) and modified magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) on tobacco BY-2 plant cell suspension culture. We aimed at examining the effect of NPs and MNPs on growth, proteosynthesis—total protein content, thiols—reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione, phytochelatins PC2-5, glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity and antioxidant activity of BY-2 cells. Whereas the effect of NPs and MNPs on growth of cell suspension culture was only moderate, significant changes were detected in all other biochemical parameters. Significant changes in protein content, phytochelatins levels and GST activity were observed in BY-2 cells treated with MNPs nanoparticles treatment. Changes were also clearly evident in the case of application of NPs. Our results demonstrate the ability of MNPs to negatively affect metabolism and induce biosynthesis of protective compounds in a plant cell model represented by BY-2 cell suspension culture. The obtained results are discussed, especially in connection with already published data. Possible mechanisms of NPs’ and MNPs’ toxicity are introduced.
Highlights
IntroductionNanomaterials are considered to be one of the most important inventions of modern science [1]
Nanomaterials are considered to be one of the most important inventions of modern science [1].Their exceptionality is based on their constant physical properties, which are strictly dependent on their size, which varies from 1 to 100 nm
It is clear that studies focused on the effect of nanoparticles on biochemical markers of plants are almost completely missing, so we focused on the effect of iron oxide-based magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) prepared by the method of plasma electrochemical deposition on plant cell model represented by tobacco BY-2 cell suspension culture in this study, which should reveal some biochemical pathways influenced by the particles
Summary
Nanomaterials are considered to be one of the most important inventions of modern science [1]. Nanomaterials can pass through cell membranes, their interactions with biomolecules and cell structures still remain almost unknown From this point of view, attention has been paid to fullerenes (C60), carbon nanotubes and nanofibers, quantum dots, different metal oxide-based nanoparticles (TiO2, ZnO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4, CuO, CeO2, Al2O3), and metal-based nanoparticles (Au, Ag, Cu, Co, Ni, etc.) [21]. The second point is closely connected with the uptake of nanomaterials (root, foliar), and their accumulation and transport within plant body with subsequent interactions with biomolecules, such as nucleic acids, proteins including enzymes, and cell structures, such as cell walls and biomembranes [21,26,27,28,29,30]. Phytotoxicity may be connected with the surface of nanoparticles, which can catalyse redox reactions in contact with biomolecules This effect has been demonstrated in the case of carbon nanotubes [38,53]. It is clear that studies focused on the effect of nanoparticles on biochemical markers of plants are almost completely missing, so we focused on the effect of iron oxide-based magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) prepared by the method of plasma electrochemical deposition on plant cell model represented by tobacco BY-2 cell suspension culture in this study, which should reveal some biochemical pathways influenced by the particles
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