Abstract
Objective: Lunasin peptide, with its chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic abilities, is known to affect carcinogenesis via epigenetic regulation involving histone acetylation. This study investigated lunasin, which can be found in soy, and its effects towards histone deacetylase (HDAC] expression in a mouse model of carcinogenesis.
 Methods: Thirty Swiss Webster mice were grouped into normal, positive control, negative control, and experimental groups. Except for the normal group, mice underwent carcinogenesis induction through azoxymethane (AOM] and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS] injection. Experimental mice received lunasin-enriched soy extract at a dosage of 250 mg/kg BW (kilogram body weight), 300 mg/kg BW, and 350 mg/kg BW for 4 w. Distal colon samples were stained by using immunohistochemistry (IHC]. HDAC expression was measured by IHC optical density score.
 Results: Average HDAC expression was 202.4% in the normal group, 239.3% in the negative control, 175.25% in the positive control, 202.03% at 250 mg/kg BW dose, 219.53% at 300 mg/kg, and 166.68% at 350 mg/kg BW. There was no significant difference between HDAC expression at 250 mg/kg BW and 300 mg/kg BW soy extract. However, at 350 mg/kg BW soy extract there were significant changes in HDAC expression.
 Conclusion: lunasin in soy extract at a 350 mg/kg BW dose can decrease HDAC expression in a colorectal cancer carcinogenesis model.
Highlights
Colorectal cancer is the third most prevalent cancer in men, with 746,000 cases diagnosed annually, and the second most prevalent in women (614,000 cases)
histone deacetylase (HDAC) expression was quantified as a percentage
Morphological changes and high HDAC expression were observed in the negative control group
Summary
Colorectal cancer is the third most prevalent cancer in men, with 746,000 cases diagnosed annually, and the second most prevalent in women (614,000 cases). 55% of colorectal cancer cases occur in developing countries [1]. Colorectal cancer is the fourth highest cause of mortality with almost 700,000 deaths in 2012, and the third most frequently diagnosed malignancy, with annual new cases totaling around 1.4 million. It is estimated that global colorectal cancer burden will increase by approximately 60% to 2.2 million new cases and 1.1 million deaths by 2030 [3]. If the cancer is resectable, surgery and radiofrequency ablation can be undertaken alongside cytotoxic therapies such as radiation and chemotherapy, as well as other alternatives such as immunotherapy. The majority of colorectal cancer cases cannot be resected and radiofrequency ablation has a high rate of local tumor recurrence. Radiation and chemotherapy have a low therapeutic index, high toxicity, and various side effects. Innovative strategies in adjuvant therapy to improve the effects of conventional therapies are still required [4,5,6]
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