Abstract
Bioactive natural products have become a hot spot for oral disease treatments. At the present study, LongZhang Gargle was investigated for its effects on single-species biofilms of Candida albicans and dual-species biofilms of Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans. Two different models of single and dual-species biofilms were grown in YNBB medium under appropriate conditions. Biofilm biomass, biofilm architecture, and cell activity in biofilms were assessed using Crystal Violet Staining, MTT, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Significant reductions of biofilm biomass and fungus activity were obtained when treated with LongZhang Gargle at 2% (P < 0.05), 4% (P < 0.05), and 8% (P < 0.05) in single-species biofilms of C. albicans, and at 4% (P < 0.05) and 8% (P < 0.05) in double-species biofilms. Suppression of density, thickness, and the proportion of hyphae and fungal spores were obtained under SEM and CLSM. In conclusion, LongZhang Gargle affects single and dual-species biofilms by inhibiting biofilm biomass, cell activity, and formation of hyphae, but it does not affect the production of Extracellular polysaccharides (EPS). We speculate that LongZhang Gargle would be a promising natural drug, which can be used in treatment against C. albicans and S. mutans in oral diseases.
Highlights
Because of the particularity of the environment, the oral is suitable for the growth of microorganisms, leading to many diseases [1]
The results showed that LongZhang Gargle inhibited the growth of planktonic C. albicans at Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of 16% and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of 32%
For dual-species biofilms of C. albicans and S. mutans, statistical analysis indicated that dual-species biofilms were significantly inhibited when LongZhang Gargle at 8% (P < 0:05) but no significant difference was found between control (0%), 2%, and 4%
Summary
Because of the particularity of the environment, the oral is suitable for the growth of microorganisms, leading to many diseases [1]. LongZhang Gargle was an important product created from Chinese folk herbs and used firstly by Miao people, an ethnic group in Southwest China. It has been manufactured by Guiyang Xintian Pharmaceutical Company, Guizhou, China, for nearly 20 years. There is no report about the effect of LongZhang Gargle on the formation of dual-species C. albicans/S. mutans biofilms, and their relationship needs further study. Since biofilms are the main pathogenic factor of oral microorganisms [30], we developed single and dual-species biofilm models to study biofilm biomass, biofilm activity, biofilm structure, synthesis of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS), and changes of hyphae of C. albicans in the presence of physiologically relevant concentrations of LongZhang Gargle
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