Abstract
The objective of this study was to find out changes in ammonia oxidation microorganisms with respect to fertilizer as investigated by real-time polymerase chain reaction and high-throughput sequencing. The treatments included control (CK); chemical fertilizer nitrogen low (N) and high (N2); nitrogen and phosphorus (NP); nitrogen phosphorus and potassium (NPK) and organic manure fertilizer (M); MN; MN2; MNPK. The results showed that long-term fertilization influenced soil fertility and affected the abundance and community of ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms by changing the physical and chemical properties of the soil. The abundance and community structure of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) was influenced by soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, total soil phosphorus, available phosphorus, available potassium, and soil nitrate. Soil environmental factors affected the nitrification potential by affecting the structure of ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms; specific and rare AOA and AOB rather than the whole AOA or AOB community played dominant role in nitrification.
Highlights
Agricultural nitrogen cycling is a crucial part in global nitrogen cycling, and ammoxidation is one of critical process of agricultural nitrogen cycling, which turns ammonia to nitrite and to nitrate
It is controversial whether ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) or ammoniaoxidizing bacteria (AOB) play a dominant role under different environmental conditions (Li et al, 2010; Liu et al, 2015; Gan et al, 2016), which may be due to that ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms community structure were affected by physiochemical
Long-term application of manure with chemical fertilizer effectively slowed down soil acidification and increased soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), available phosphorus (AP), and NO3−-N in both soil layers, which might be due to the application of manure that could effectively improve physicochemical property of soil
Summary
Agricultural nitrogen cycling is a crucial part in global nitrogen cycling, and ammoxidation is one of critical process of agricultural nitrogen cycling, which turns ammonia to nitrite and to nitrate. As Könneke et al (2005) found that archaea could oxidize ammonia to nitrite, researchers studied the comparison between ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and ammoniaoxidizing bacteria (AOB) about which one was more important under different environmental conditions (Adair and Schwartz, 2008; Chen et al, 2008, 2015; Li et al, 2010; Tao et al, 2017) It is controversial whether AOA or AOB play a dominant role under different environmental conditions (Li et al, 2010; Liu et al, 2015; Gan et al, 2016), which may be due to that ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms community structure were affected by physiochemical. Different NH4+-N concentration and different levels of total carbon and total nitrogen in soils influenced the composition and AOA and AOB abundance in various environmental conditions (Huang et al, 2013; Li and Gu, 2013; Wang et al, 2013)
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