Abstract
Discrete element method (DEM) is a widely used simulation tool to model physical behaviour of granular materials. In this study 2D DEM simulation has been used to simulate the failure of a sand pile loaded at the crest. The model has been calibrated and validated using experimental force-displacement behaviour, angle of repose and particle velocity profile. The effects of numerical loading rates on simulation results have been investigated. The calibrated DEM model showed that the selection of loading rate is crucial in simulating particle assembly behaviour. In the quasi-static state a small change in loading rate does not change the force-displacement behaviour of the model. However, the system becomes unstable and force-displacement behaviour of the granular assembly diverges from the quasi-static state when the loading rate is higher than the quasi-static loading rate.
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