Effect of liver total sphingomyelin synthase deficiency on plasma lipid metabolism

Abstract

Sphingomyelin (SM) is one major phospholipids on lipoproteins. It is enriched on apolipoprotein B-containing particles, including very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and its catabolites, low-density lipoprotein (LDL). SM is synthesized by sphingomyelin synthase 1 and 2 (SMS1 and SMS2) which utilizes ceramide and phosphatidylcholine, as two substrates, to produce SM and diacylglyceride. SMS1 and SMS2 activities are co-expressed in all tested tissues, including the liver where VLDL is produced. Thus, neither Sms1 gene knockout (KO) nor Sms2 KO approach is sufficient to evaluate the effect of SMS on VLDL metabolism. We prepared liver-specific Sms1 KO/global Sms2 KO mice to evaluate the effect of hepatocyte SM biosynthesis in lipoprotein metabolism. We found that hepatocyte total SMS depletion significantly reduces cellular sphingomyelin levels. Also, we found that the deficiency induces cellular glycosphingolipid levels which is specifically related with SMS1 but not SMS2 deficiency. To our surprise, hepatocyte total SMS deficiency has marginal effect on hepatocyte ceramide, diacylglyceride, and phosphatidylcholine levels. Importantly, total SMS deficiency decreases plasma triglyceride but not apoB levels and reduces larger VLDL concentration. The reduction of triglyceride levels also was observed when the animals were on a high fat diet. Our results show that hepatocyte total SMS blocking can reduce VLDL-triglyceride production and plasma triglyceride levels. This phenomenon could be related with a reduction of atherogenicity.