Effect of Lithium and Aluminum on the Mechanical Properties, In Vivo and In Vitro Degradation, and Toxicity of Multiphase Ultrahigh Ductility Mg-Li-Al-Zn Quaternary Alloys for Vascular Stent Application.

Abstract

Magnesium alloys are the most widely studied biodegradable metals for biodegradable vascular stent application. Two major issues with current magnesium alloy based stents are their low ductility and fast corrosion rates. Several studies have validated that introduction of Li into the magnesium alloys will significantly improve the ductility while alloying with Al will improve the corrosion resistance and strength. In the present study, we studied the effects of alloying different amounts of Li and Al on the Mg-Li-Al-Zn (LAZ) quaternary alloy system. Rods were made from four different LAZ alloys, namely, LAZ611, LAZ631, LAZ911, and LAZ931 following melting, casting, and then extrusion. Systematic assessment of mechanical properties, in vitro corrosion, cytotoxicity, and in vivo degradation including local and systemic toxicity conducted demonstrated the beneficial effects of Li and Al on the mechanical properties. Our results specifically suggest that alloying with Li significantly improved the ductility while Al enhanced the strength of the LAZ alloys. Four of the LAZ alloys exhibited different corrosion rates in Hank's balanced salt solution depending on the chemical composition. Indirect in vitro cytotoxicity tests also showed lower cytotoxicity for the alloys exhibiting higher corrosion resistance. In vivo corrosion rates in the mouse subcutaneous model showed different corrosion rates compared to the in vitro tests. Nevertheless, all of the four LAZ alloys displayed no local and systemic toxicity based on the histology analysis. This research study, therefore, demonstrated the benefits of using Li and Al as alloying elements in LAZ alloys and the potential use of LAZ alloys for vascular stent application.