Abstract
Background: There are many athletes who like to listen to music while making a high intensity effort. However, research into the effects of listening to music on athletic performance has provided controversial results, and it is suggested that the timing and type of music might affect the anaerobic performance response. Purpose: The main aim of the current systematic review and meta-analysis was to analyze the effects while listening to music tasks via the 30 s Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT) on absolute performance and relative peak power (APP and RPP), absolute and relative mean power (AMP and RMP), and fatigue index (FI). Methods: PRISMA guidelines were used as a basis for conducting this systematic review, with inclusion criteria being set out according to the PICOS model. Computer-based literature research was undertaken until 10 March 2020 using the following online databases: PubMed/Medline, WOS, Cochrane Library, and Scopus. The literature was reviewed with regard to the effects of listening to music on the WAnT using several music variables on: APP, RPP, AMP, RMP and FI. Hedges’ g formula was used to calculate both standard mean differences and 95% confidence intervals, in order to establish continuous outcomes. Furthermore, the I2 statistic evaluated systematic differences (heterogeneity) together with a random effect meta-analysis model. Results: This systematic review included nine articles that researched into the effects of music on WAnT performance (six studies describe improvements in APP and/or RPP, four in AMP and/or RMP and three in FI). The random effects model was used to undertake a final meta-analysis, with standardized mean differences (SMD) and magnitude of standardized mean differences (MSMD) (Hedges’ g) being pooled accordingly. The resulting meta-analysis incorporated eight studies that had been previously published, with results showing that there were no apparent beneficial effects on APP (p = 0.09), AMP (p = 0.33) and FI (p = 0.46) as a consequence of listening to music. However, listening to music showed beneficial effects on RPP (SMD: 0.65; 95%: CI 0.35 to 0.96; MSMD: moderate; I2, 0%; p < 0.001) and RMP (SMD: 1.03; 95%: CI, 0.63 to 1.42; MSMD: trivial; I2, 0%; p < 0.001). Conclusion: This systematic review and meta-analysis has shown that listening to music during the WAnT might physiologically enhance relative anaerobic exercise performance, although reasons remain speculative.
Highlights
It is extremely important for athletes to be able to accurately evaluate anaerobic power, bearing in mind that practicing a great deal of sports activities may mean that fast high-intensity exercises such as sprinting and jumping movements need to be undertaken [1]
This systematic review and meta-analysis has shown that listening to music during the Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT) might physiologically enhance relative anaerobic exercise performance, reasons remain speculative
Search terms covered a range of Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and free-text words for key concepts associated with both WAnT and performance, with the following unique search equation: Wingate[All Fields] AND
Summary
It is extremely important for athletes to be able to accurately evaluate anaerobic power, bearing in mind that practicing a great deal of sports activities may mean that fast high-intensity exercises such as sprinting and jumping movements need to be undertaken [1] To this end, many jumping [2], running [3] and cycling [4] tests have been proposed, and the most commonly employed protocol used to measure anaerobic components is the 30 s Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT), which is considered the anaerobic gold-standard test [5,6,7,8] in many disciplines. Hedges’ g formula was used to calculate both standard mean differences and
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