Abstract
This work examines the effect of Layered Double Hydroxides (LDHs), Expandable Graphite (EG) and Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) on the thermal stability and behaviour under fire conditions of polyisocyanurate (PIR) insulation foams. Virgin materials’ and char residues’ morphologies were analyzed with a variety of experimental techniques including field emission scanning electron and optical microscopy along with Raman spectroscopy. Thermal stability and burning behaviour were examined using thermogravimetric (TGA) coupled with Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer and cone calorimeter. TGA results suggested a decrease in degradation temperature upon introduction of fillers in PIR samples. FTIR spectra were used to determine the absorbance intensity of the different pyrolysis gases. Cone calorimeter data analysis established a limited effect on reducing the rate of heat release rate and smoke production with the inclusion of LDHs. However, EG or EG + APP addition, caused a considerable decrease in heat release rate, owing to the increased char strength and the release of non-combustible gases. The positive effect of EG or EG + APP in the fire behaviour of PIR foams was further supported by the morphological evaluation of their residual char samples.
Highlights
A worldwide roll-out of near-Zero Energy Buildings drives the design of exterior wall systems with the purpose of achieving building sustainability and high energy efficiency
Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy measurements were performed for the samples, which verified that the fillers were exfoliated in the PIR samples
With the addition of Expanded Graphite (EG) or EG+Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP), the HRR is further decreased owing to the increased char strength as well as the release of non-combustible gases that during combustion adequately suppress smoke and gases production
Summary
A worldwide roll-out of near-Zero Energy Buildings drives the design of exterior wall systems with the purpose of achieving building sustainability and high energy efficiency. With or without flame retardants, in the family of polymeric insulation materials include extruded and expanded polystyrene, polyurethane foam (PUF) and polyisocyanurate (PIR) [3]. These inherently combustible and highly insulating materials are extensively used in most construction sectors for their high energy performance and cost benefit but should be designed not to compromise their fire safety
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