Abstract
The experiment aimed to study the effect of the irrigation water quality on the growth of seedlings and its yield of quinoa plant through some traits i.e., plant height, number of leaves per plant, 1000 grains weight, dry weight per plant , stem diameter, inflorescence length and grain yield per plant. Four treatments were used as follow: T1 (low salinity water, EC 1.25 dS m-1), T2 (mix water between low salinity water and agricultural drainage water at ratio 1:1, EC 4 dS m-1), T3 (agricultural drainage water, EC 8 dS m-1) and T4 (high salinity water, EC 16 dS m-1). The treatments application was at the beginning of the plant buds so that the amount of irrigation water up to 75% from field capacity. The significant effects of treatments were found on all tested traits. Also, the results clarified that the rate of chlorophyll ranged between 44.18 (treatment T4) and 53.75 SPAD (treatment T3), water potential of the fourth leaf has ranged from -0.83 to -1.745 MPa for T1 and T3 treatments, respectively, number of leaves per plant was ranged between 26.5 and 28.5 when the plants were irrigated with T4 and T1 irrigation water treatments, respectively. The inflorescence lengths were varied between 8 cm at T4 treatment and 12 cm at T2 treatment. The plant height was ranged between 53.5 cm (T4) and 60.75 cm (T3). The low values of seed yield were recorded at T4 (17.05 g/plant) while the higher values were recorded with T2 treatment (34.08 g/plant). 1000-grain weight values were ranged between 2.97 g at T2 treatment, and 3.49 g at treatment T1.
Highlights
Salinity and drought are two main environmental factors determining plant productivity and distribution of most major crops (Bartels & Sunkar, 2005)
The effect of irrigation water salinity on plant growth and physiological processes, it is clear that chlorophyll content of quinoa plant seedlings tolerant salinity of irrigation water but decreased with increasing water salinity at 16 dS m-1 (T4)
The effect of irrigation water salinity on the water potential in the fourth leaf of quinoa plant seedling, where the results showed that the leaf water potential has ranged from -0.83 to -1.745 MPa for both T1 and T3 treatments respectively, and the general average of leaf water potential -1.14 MPa and the standard deviation 0.53 (Figure 2)
Summary
Salinity and drought are two main environmental factors determining plant productivity and distribution of most major crops (Bartels & Sunkar, 2005). In the same context, Munns and Tester (2008) confirmed that, plants respond to salinity stress in two phases: a rapid response to the increase in external osmotic pressure (starts immediately after the salt concentration around the roots increases to threshold levels, which decrease the new shoot growth) and a slower response due to the accumulation of Na+ in leaves (salt accumulation to toxic concentrations and increase senescence of older leaves). The conditions for crop growth are very difficult in the high region of the Andes, where the most harmful a biotic adverse factors that affect crop production are drought, frost, soil salinity, hail, snow, wind, flooding, and heat (Garcia et al, 2003). Quinoa grains do not contain gluten and they cannot be used alone for bread- making. They can be mixed with wheat www.ccsenet.org/jas
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