Abstract
In an accelerator-driven system (ADS), the beam window material of the spallation neutron target is heavily irradiated under severe conditions, in which the radiation damage and corrosion co-occur because of high-energy neutron and/or proton irradiation in the lead–bismuth flow. The materials used in ADSs must be compatible with the liquid metal (lead–bismuth eutectic (LBE)) to prevent issues such as liquid metal embrittlement (LME) and liquid metal corrosion (LMC). This study considers the LMC behavior after ion irradiation of 316L austenitic steel for self-ion irradiations followed by the corrosion tests in LBE with critical oxygen concentration. The 316L samples were irradiated by 10.5 MeV-Fe3+ ions at a temperature of 450 °C, up to 50 displacements per atom (dpa). After the corrosion test performed at 450 °C in LBE with low oxygen concentration, a surface of the nonirradiated area was not oxidized but appeared with locally corrosive morphology, Ni depletion, whereas an iron/chromium oxide layer fully covered the irradiated area. In the case of the corrosion surface with high oxygen concentration in LBE, the surface of the nonirradiated area was covered by an iron oxide layer only, whereas the irradiated area was covered by the duplex layers comprising iron and iron/chromium oxides. It is suggested that irradiation can enhance the oxide layer formation because of the enhancement of Fe and/or oxygen diffusion induced by the radiation defects in 316L steel.
Highlights
Decreasing the risk of spent nuclear fuel elements has become a major concern, especially in Japan after Fukushima’s first nuclear power plant accident
In an accelerator-driven system (ADS), the beam window, which is the boundary between a high-energy accelerator for protons in a vacuum and a spallation target of lead–bismuth eutectic (LBE), is irradiated under severe conditions to sufficiently transmute the minor actinides in the fuel cladding
The 316L specimens were irradiated by 10.5 MeV-Fe3+ ions at a temperature of 450 ◦ C
Summary
Decreasing the risk of spent nuclear fuel elements has become a major concern, especially in Japan after Fukushima’s first nuclear power plant accident. In an ADS, the beam window, which is the boundary between a high-energy accelerator for protons in a vacuum and a spallation target of lead–bismuth eutectic (LBE), is irradiated under severe conditions to sufficiently transmute the minor actinides in the fuel cladding. The ADS irradiation conditions, which induce considerable displacement damage with high concentrations of helium (He) and hydrogen (H) atoms in the materials, are produced by the high-energy proton and spallation neutron irradiation. High-fluence neutron irradiation experiments with up to about 20 and 100 displacements per atom (dpa, the parameter for indicating the radiation damage level) are the estimated upper limits of the irradiation damage tolerated by the beam window and cladding materials in ADS [2], respectively; these are practically challenging to execute using an experimental nuclear reactor because of the required long irradiation time
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