Abstract
The impact of emerging contaminants in the presence of active pharmaceutical pollutants plays an important role in the persistence and activity of environmental bacteria. This manuscript focuses on the impact of amoxicillin functionalized iron oxide nanoparticles on bacterial growth, in the presence of dissolved organic carbon (humic acid). The impact of these emerging contaminants individually and collectively on the growth profiles of model gram positive and negative bacteria was tracked for 24 h. Results indicate exposure to subinhibitory concentrations of amoxicillin bound iron oxide nanoparticles, in the presence of humic acid, increase bacterial growth in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Accelerated bacterial growth was associated with an increase in iron ions, which have been shown to influence upregulation of cellular metabolism. Though iron oxide nanoparticles are often regarded as benign, this work demonstrates the distinguishable impact of amoxicillin bound iron oxide nanoparticles in the presence of dissolved organic carbon. The results indicate differential impacts of combined contaminants on bacterial growth, having potential implications for environmental and human health.
Highlights
The increased use of nanoparticles and their status as emerging contaminants has motivated researchers to investigate their impact on bacterial species, with regard to antimicrobial activity
Because environmental bacteria play a critical role in the maintenance and health of our ecosystems, and because environmentally transformed nanoparticles are known to induce differential impacts on biota, Biomedicines 2017, 5, 55of: amoxicillin (Amox), iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs),2and of 13 amoxicillin we show an investigation functionalized IONPs (IONP-Amox) on bacteria, in the presence of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), the environmental impact of these entities, in conjunction with one another
Increased bacterial concentration (CFU/mL) and μmax seen in P. aeruginosa and S. aureus cultures exposed to IONP-Amox may be explained by the tendency of subinhibitory antibiotic concentrations to drive an upregulation of iron-dependent cellular components and processes
Summary
The increased use of nanoparticles and their status as emerging contaminants has motivated researchers to investigate their impact on bacterial species, with regard to antimicrobial activity. Bacteria play a critical role in the maintenance and health of our ecosystems, and because environmentally transformed nanoparticles known recently to induce differential impacts on we Antibiotics of an anthropogenic originarehave been shown tobiota, induce a variety show an investigation of: amoxicillin (Amox), iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs), and amoxicillin of morphological and transcriptional changes in bacteria. These changes include increased functionalized IONPs (IONP-Amox) on bacteria, in the presence of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), virulence, altered genegrowth. The work described demonstrates the impact of combined contaminants on environmentally significant bacteria
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