Abstract
A study of indium-incorporated copper selenide thin-film deposition on a glass substrate using the successive ionic adsorption and reaction method (SILAR) and the resulting properties is presented. The films were formed using these steps: selenization in the solution of diseleniumtetrathionate acid, treatment with copper(II/I) ions, incorporation of indium(III), and annealing in an inert nitrogen atmosphere. The elemental and phasal composition, as well as the morphological and optical properties of obtained films were determined. X-ray diffraction data showed a mixture of various compounds: Se, Cu0.87Se, In2Se3, and CuInSe2. The obtained films had a dendritic structure, agglomerated and not well-defined grains, and a film thickness of ~90 μm. The band gap values of copper selenide were 1.28–1.30 eV and increased after indium-incorporation and annealing. The optical properties of the formed films correspond to the optical properties of copper selenide and indium selenide semiconductors.
Highlights
While the majority of the world’s energy supply is generated from non-renewable fossil fuels, such as oil, coal, and natural gas, there are a number of disadvantages in using them, such as rising prices, increasing environmental concerns over climate change, and security concerns due to dependency on imports from a limited number of countries that have substantial fossil fuel supplies
Kishore Kumar et al have shown [18] that the successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method provides phase purity of a tin selenide layer formed and used in solar cells
The peaks of the hexagonal klockmannite phase are no longer found in samples 1 and 2. This could be explained by Equation (5), as klockmannite was used in copper indium selenide formation
Summary
While the majority of the world’s energy supply is generated from non-renewable fossil fuels, such as oil, coal, and natural gas, there are a number of disadvantages in using them, such as rising prices, increasing environmental concerns over climate change, and security concerns due to dependency on imports from a limited number of countries that have substantial fossil fuel supplies. Films which are formed using physical deposition methods are usually more uniform and of better quality; expensive, high-temperature, and low-pressure equipment is often needed These methods offer low scalability for large-area coating and often require a toxic H2Se atmosphere to anneal. Kishore Kumar et al have shown [18] that the SILAR method provides phase purity of a tin selenide layer formed and used in solar cells This method allows the thickness, morphology, and composition to be controlled, which is very important for the optical properties of a thin film [19]. The films formed using chemical deposition methods often require annealing to obtain a crystalline layer and improve properties. To understand the reaction pathways, composition, and properties of obtained films, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) measurements were carried out
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