Effect of Individual, Simultaneous and Sequential Inoculation of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Meloidogyne incognita on Growth, Biochemical, Enzymatic and Nonenzymatic Antioxidants of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.).

Ahmed Noureldeen,Manar Fawzi Bani Mfarrej,Moh Tariq,Mohd Asif,Faryad Khan,Mohammad Shariq,Amir Khan,Taruba Ansari,Faheem Ahmad,Hadeer Darwish,Mansoor Ahmad Siddiqui,Amal Al-Barty

doi:10.3390/plants10061145

Ahmed Noureldeen, Manar Fawzi Bani Mfarrej + Show 10 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10061145

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Abstract

This study was conducted on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv. K-21) to investigate the bioprotective nature of Pseudomonas fluorescens and its interactive effects with Meloidogyne incognita in terms of growth biomarkers, changes in biochemical attributes and modulation in antioxidant enzymes of the tomato plant. In this study, we grew tomato plants with M. incognita and P. fluorescens in separate pots, simultaneously and sequentially (15 days prior or post) after 15 days of seed sowing. The sequential inoculation of Mi15→Pf maximally increased the root-knot index and decreased the nematode population. It was also noted that inoculation suppressed the plant growth biomarkers in comparison to control. However, maximum suppression in nematode reproduction and increment in growth and physiological attributes were observed when P. fluorescens was applied 15 days prior to the nematode (Pf15→Mi) as compared to control. All the treatments showed an increase in antioxidant enzymes. Expression of phenol content and defensive enzymes such as peroxidase (POX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased, in contrast to a significant reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents when compared with the untreated inoculated plants. However, the highest levels of POX and SOD, and a lowest of phenol, MDA and H2O2 were displayed in the treatment Pf15→Mi, followed by Mi+Pf and Mi15→Pf.

Highlights

Phytonematodes are considered among the most devastating agricultural pests, causing a disastrous deficit of 12–15% of world annual crop yield [1]
Experiments were the carried out toinunderstand the pigments, role of P. fluorescens and antioxidant enzymes
This study showed that these interactions modified various against M. incognita and to measure the alteration in photosynthetic pigments, phenols and growth and physiological parameters of the plants

Summary

Introduction

Phytonematodes are considered among the most devastating agricultural pests, causing a disastrous deficit of 12–15% of world annual crop yield [1]. They infest and attack a wide range of agriculture crops leading to yield loss [2]. The tomato agricultural industry faces several major problems which lead to low crop yield. This low yield in tomato crops is caused by various abiotic and biotic factors including nematodes, bacteria, fungi and viruses. The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita is a destructive pest that reduces tomato yields by 25.0% and up to 49.0% [5]. Using nematicides can effectively deal with nematode infestations, the harmful impact they have on the environment, and pollution, have led to rising concerns and the search for safe and environmentally friendly alternatives for the management of phytonematodes

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