Effect of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin on the electrochemical oxidation and polymerization of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene

Abstract

The electrochemical oxidation of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) on platinum is studied in electrolyte solutions containing hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD). HP-β-CD is found to increase the solubility of EDOT up to a concentration of 0.026 M in aqueous solutions. Addition of HP-β-CD (0.1 M) produces a slight red shift of the EDOT main absorption band from 254.9 to 257.7 nm and an increase of the HP-β-CD concentration decreases the absorption coefficient, ε max to 6150 l mol −1 cm −1 in the UV–vis region, indicating complex formation. The cyclic voltammetric response of EDOT in 0.1 M aqueous LiClO 4 solutions consists of an ill-defined wave (P 1) and an adsorption peak (P 2). Contrary to the case of oxidation in acetonitrile medium, a post-peak is observed in the voltammograms of EDOT electro-oxidation in aqueous LiClO 4 solutions due to the adsorption of the oxidized EDOT species. A gradual reduction of the peak current of P 2 with increasing [HP-β-CD] and its total disappearance at high [HP-β-CD] suggest complex formation between HP-β-CD and EDOT + and also the peak P 2 to be due to adsorption of EDOT + species. The experiments intended to show the effect of ‘pre-adsorbed’ HP-β-CD on EDOT oxidation led to the conclusion that adsorbed HP-β-CD also solubilizes EDOT at the electrode surface. The CV behaviour of EDOT in HP-β-CD is discussed in comparison with that in sodium dodecylsulfate micellar solutions. Addition of increasing amounts of HP-β-CD shifts P 1 positively and P 2 negatively while also suppressing P 2 totally and reducing the peak current of P 1 to a significant extent. At a higher concentration of HP-β-CD, viz. 0.05 M, a peak appears at 1.29 V as a result of the above two opposing effects of CD on the peak potentials of P 1 and P 2. This resultant peak (P composite) is more positive relative to the position of P 1 observed in the absence of HP-β-CD. The positive shift of the peak and peak current reduction indicate that EDOT (or an oxidized EDOT species) possibly interacts with the outer nucleophilic part of HP-β-CD. The electro-oxidation processes occurring at P 1 and P 2 are explained using an oligomeric approach, in which the electrochemical reactions are coupled to chemical reactions or adsorption of the oxidized species. Potential cycling of the platinum electrode in solutions containing 0.026 M EDOT+0.05 M HP-β-CD+0.1 M LiClO 4 between −0.5 and 1.2 V yields an adherent and smooth polymer film of poly(ethylenedioxythiophene), as shown in the SEM examination. In situ resistance measurements carried out with the polymer films in the electroactive region show a minimum resistance in the potential range of 0.3–0.4 V. Even the electrochemically-reduced films are found to possess some residual electrical conductivity.