Abstract
In this study, the preparation and characterization of three hydroxyapatite-based bioactive scaffolds, including hydroxyapatite microspheres (HAps), amoxicillin–hydroxyapatite composite (Amx–HAp), and collagen–hydroxyapatite composite (Col–HAp) were performed. In addition, their behavior in human dental pulp mesenchymal stem cell (hDPSC) culture was investigated. HAps were synthesized through the following methods: microwave hydrothermal, hydrothermal reactor, and precipitation, respectively. hDPSCs were obtained from samples of third molars and characterized by immunophenotypic analysis. Cells were cultured on scaffolds with osteogenic differentiation medium and maintained for 21 days. Cytotoxicity analysis and migration assay of hDPSCs were evaluated. After 21 days of induction, no differences in genes expression were observed. hDPSCs highly expressed the collagen IA and the osteonectin at the mRNA. The cytotoxicity assay using hDPSCs demonstrated that the Col–HAp group presented non-viable cells statistically lower than the control group (p = 0.03). In the migration assay, after 24 h HAps revealed the same migration behavior for hDPSCs observed compared to the positive control. Col–HAp also provided a statistically significant higher migration of hDPSCs than HAps (p = 0.02). Migration results after 48 h for HAps was intermediate from those achieved by the control groups. There was no statistical difference between the positive control and Col–HAp. Specifically, this study demonstrated that hydroxyapatite-based bioactive scaffolds, especially Col-Hap, enhanced the dynamic parameters of cell viability and cell migration capacities for hDPSCs, resulting in suitable adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of this osteogenic lineage. These data presented are of high clinical importance and hold promise for application in therapeutic areas, because Col–HAp can be used in ridge preservation, minor bone augmentation, and periodontal regeneration. The development of novel hydroxyapatite-based bioactive scaffolds with clinical safety for bone formation from hDPSCs is an important yet challenging task both in biomaterials and cell biology.
Highlights
Development of new biomaterials or their structural change has been intensively proposed in order to enhance the final properties of novel biomedical devices [1]
Col–hydroxyapatite microspheres (HAps) demonstrated an intermediate pattern of crystallinity. 7The presence of Amx and Col only led to slight shifting of the main intense crystalline peaks
The ability of osteogenic differentiation was compared between the positive control and The eachability biomaterial (HAp, amoxicillin–hydroxyapatite composite (Amx–HAp), and Col–HAp)
Summary
Development of new biomaterials or their structural change has been intensively proposed in order to enhance the final properties of novel biomedical devices [1]. Numerous techniques to synthesize hydroxyapatite-based materials at elevated temperatures (750–1000 ◦ C) have been used in order to achieve accurate control of their structure. These procedures may be divided into two major groups: wet-chemical methods and solid-state reactions [3,4]. It is well known that the in vitro and in vivo biological and mechanical properties of HAp are strongly affected by its structural characteristics; extensive efforts have been devoted to engineering HAp crystals, in particular, by developing new routes or modifications of pre-existing methods [2]. An improved microstructure with a large specific surface area could contribute to provide osteogenic spaces as compartment houses, and undifferentiated mesenchymal cells might recognize the release of Ca2+ and PO4 3− from the biological apatite layer and differentiate into osteogenic cells [5]
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