Abstract
In this study, the immunomodulatory properties of Lawsonia inermis (henna) in common carp, Cyprinus carpio was investigated. Fish were intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected with 6, 60 or 600 mg kg−1 body weight (BW), of the methanolic soluble fractions of L. inermis. The extract at 60 and 600 mg kg−1 BW, significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced some non-specific immune parameters such as serum lysozyme and bactericidal activity, phagocytic and respiratory burst activity, total leucocyte count (TLC), lymphocyte, monocyte and neutrophil number. Disease resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila has also been improved following herbal treatment. This preliminary study indicates the beneficial effect of L. inermis in improving immune status and controlling infectious diseases in aquaculture.
Highlights
Chemotherapies are widely used by farmers to control and prevent diseases, which have several drawbacks such as environmental risks, development of resistant pathogens and bioaccumulation (Rao et al 2006)
The effects of different levels of henna extract on hematological and biochemical parameters of common carp are shown in Fig. 1a–j; Table 2
In this study, following i.p. administration of methanolic soluble fractions of L. inermis leaves at different doses (6, 60 and 600 mg kg-1 body weight (BW)), Several immune parameters such as phagocytic and NBT activities, serum immunoglobulin, lysozyme and total protein level, RBC and WBC number, hematocrit and Hb value, the percentage of lymphocyte (%), monocyte (%), neutrophil (%) and serum bactericidal activity were evaluated in 2 days intervals (Table 2; Fig. 1a–j)
Summary
Chemotherapies are widely used by farmers to control and prevent diseases, which have several drawbacks such as environmental risks, development of resistant pathogens and bioaccumulation (Rao et al 2006). Several alternative strategies such as immunostimulants, probiotics, green water technique, vaccination and quorum sensing have been introduced in aquaculture to improve fish resistance to pathogen and improve growth performance (Markestad and Grave 1997; Brekke 1998; Sakai 1999; Rodgers and Furones 2009; Defoirdt et al 2011; Romero et al 2012; Sihag and Sharma 2012; Revertera et al 2014). Immunostimulants mainly facilitate the function of phagocytic and natural killer cells, complement, lysozyme and antibody responses of fish. These effects depends on various factors like timing, dosage and method of administration as well as the physiological condition of the fish (Harikrishnan et al 2011)
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