Abstract
Aims: Modern industrialization, anthropogenic and industrial activities have increased the risk of human exposure to heavy metals and in turn effecting human health badly. Hundreds of millions of people are globally affected by heavy metal toxicity through contaminated water in one way or. another. In order to find a correlation between the heavy metal concentrations and serum creatinine level, a study was conducted on the inhabitants living near the Hudiara drain suffering from kidney diseases.
 Study Design: The subjects (n=498) were selected from the vicinity of polluted Hudiara drain to conduct this matched case–control study in 2019-2020. Instrumental techniques were used for the determination of heavy metals and creatinine was determined by using Kit. The correlation between heavy metals and creatinine was checked.
 Place and Duration of Study: To determine heavy metals and creatinine in blood, samples were collected from the habitants of Hudiara drain and the control group 100Km far from Hudiara drain.
 Methodology: Blood samples of male subjects with and tested for heavy metals in the blood using atomic absorption spectrophotometer and creatinine level using Creatinine Elisa Kit. The study was conducted in 2020 and included n= 498 healthy volunteers (control) and n=498 effected (suffering from chronic kidney disease).
 Results: The ANOVA shows the significant difference between two groups i.e. control group and affected group in all traits of the respondents (weight, age, heavy metal values and serum creatinine level). Pearson’s correlation coefficient was calculated for heavy metals and creatinine subjects’ blood samples. It was found that heavy metal levels in subjects have a significant correlation with serum creatinine. The study shows that serum creatinine level has no significant correlation with age, so is independent of age.
 Conclusion: The concentration of heavy metal contaminants (Cd, Hg, Pb) in the blood of the inhabitants of Hudiara drain flowing in Lahore city, Pakistan is highly polluted by industrial effluents. The effects of higher concentration of heavy metals in the inhabitants of Hudiara drain have been determined in serum creatinine levels. It was observed that high serum creatinine values are found in subjects suffering from CKD.
Highlights
Heavy metals contamination of water is of environmental concern throughout the world and affects millions of people globally [1]
Iron, copper, zinc, cobalt, selenium, magnesium, molybdenum, chromium, and manganese are essential for life, whereas arsenic, cadmium, mercury, nickel, lead and palladium are toxic for humans at diverse levels [2]
Two studies conducted in extremely mercury polluted zones of China to evaluate the highly raised serum creatinine levels in Hg exposed inhabitants compared to residents living in controlled areas
Summary
Heavy metals contamination of water is of environmental concern throughout the world and affects millions of people globally [1]. Few epidemiological studies have indicated the association between chronic kidney disease and exposure to heavy metals [8]. High levels of creatinine seen in blood serum may indicate glomerularus dysfunction, where is related to chronic kidney disease. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is widely recognized as an epidemic in developing and developed countries It is intensifying with every passing day, having a ratio between 11% and 13% deaths are caused worldwide [17,18]. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether significant relation exists between heavy metal toxicity and serum creatinine levels in CKD patients. The present study provides data on the existence of heavy metal levels in patients suffering from CKD living near Hudiara drain in Lahore city (Pakistan). Blood samples of controlled subjects (n=498) were collected from people living 100km far from Hudiara drain
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