Abstract
In this study, the effect of heat treatment on the structural, magnetic and electrical properties of La2FeMnO6 prepared via the sol–gel and sintering method were investigated. The heat-treatment conditions, i.e., the calcination temperature (1023 K and 1173 K), sintering temperature and time (1273 K for 1 and 3 h) were carried out. X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed orthorhombic pnma (62) symmetry without any impurity phase for all samples. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the presence of Fe2+–Fe3+–Fe4+ and Mn3+–Mn4+ mixed states, and lanthanum and oxygen vacancies resulting in various magnetic exchange interactions. Furthermore, the magnetisation hysteresis showed enhanced hysteresis loops accompanied by an increase in magnetisation parameters with calcination temperature. The Raman phonon parameters induced a redshift in the phonon modes, alongside an increase in the intensity and compression of the linewidth, reflecting a decrease in lattice distortion, which was confirmed by XRD. The temperature-dependent conductivity showed that the conduction mechanism is dominated by p-type polaron hopping, and the lowest activation energy was approximately 0.237 ± 0.003 eV for the minimum heat-treatment conditions. These results show that varying heat-treatment conditions can significantly affect the structural, magnetic and electrical properties of the La2FeMnO6 system.
Highlights
Double perovskite oxides, A2 BB0O6, in which B0 and B00 are occupied by different transition metals, have attracted significant attention and have been intensively studied of late [1,2,3,4,5]
La2 FeMnO6 has gained much interest owing to its structural, magnetic and electrical properties, which are strongly influenced by the preparation conditions and methods [3,4,5,6,7]
Palakkal et al [3] stated that La2 FeMnO6 synthesised via citrate–nitrate gel combustion has an orthorhombic phase with the Pbnm space group, a spin-glass state and various super-exchange interactions due to the mixed Fe2+ −Fe3+
Summary
A2 BB0O6 , in which B0 and B00 are occupied by different transition metals, have attracted significant attention and have been intensively studied of late [1,2,3,4,5]. The synthesis method affects the structural symmetry, magnetic, optical and electrical transport properties of the synthesised material [3,4]. La2 FeMnO6 has gained much interest owing to its structural, magnetic and electrical properties, which are strongly influenced by the preparation conditions and methods [3,4,5,6,7]. Dhilip et al [4] reported that La2 FeMnO6 prepared by high-temperature solid-state reactions possesses a cubic symmetry and strong competing antiferromagnetic–ferrimagnetic (AFM–FIM) interactions. Filho et al [5] investigated
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