Abstract
Background: Oral mucositis (OM) is a severe inflammation of the oral mucosal cells associated with chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy-induced toxicity, resulting in epithelial ulcers and higher risk of death from sepsis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the nanoparticle (AuNp) effect on OM induced in hamsters. Materials and methods: 5-fluorouracil (5FU) was used on the first and second day of the experimental model in Golden sirian hamsters, and on the fourth day, mechanical trauma was applied to induce OM. The animals were divided into groups, i.e., polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), mechanical trauma (MT), 5FU, and groups treated with gold nanoparticles (AuNps) (62.5, 125, and 250 μg/kg). On the 10th day, animals were euthanized for macroscopic, histopathological, immunohistochemical, western blot, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and AuNp quantification. Results: AuNp (250 μg/kg) reduced TNF-α, IL-1β, COX-2, NF-κB, TGF-β, and SMAD 2/3; increased glutathione levels; decreased the expression of Kelch ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1); and induced heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX-1) and NAD (P) H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) genes. Conclusions: AuNp (250 μg/kg) prevented 5-FU-induced OM in hamsters and improved the parameters of inflammation and oxidative stress.
Highlights
Oral mucositis (OM) is characterized by acute and severe inflammation of the oral cavity [1]
The incidence of OM varies with the therapeutic regimen, and a higher incidence is reported in patients who associate chemotherapy with radiotherapy, reaching a percentage as high as 100% in individuals subjected to anticancer therapy for tumors of the head and neck [3]
The groups treated with gold nanoparticles at the doses of 62.5 μg/kg, score 3.5 (1–4) (Figure 1Ad), score 4 (3–4) (Figure 2Ad), and 125 μg/kg, score 3.75 (1–4) (Figure 1Ae), score 3 (1–3) (Figure 2Ae), did not reverse OM changes induced by 5-fluorouracil; the dose of 250 μg/kg presented a lower macroscopic score than the group 5-FU, score 2 (1–2.5) (Figure 1Af)
Summary
Oral mucositis (OM) is characterized by acute and severe inflammation of the oral cavity [1] This condition is associated with toxicity induced by chemotherapy and radiotherapy against epithelial cells of the oral mucosa and myelosuppression, which compromises the balance between cell proliferation and death, resulting in a thinner inflamed epithelium and the presence of ulcers. This causes pain and discomfort to the patient, and impairs the protective functionality of the oral mucosa [2]. Results: AuNp (250 μg/kg) reduced TNF-α, IL-1β, COX-2, NF-κB, TGF-β, and SMAD 2/3; increased glutathione levels; decreased the expression of Kelch ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1); and induced heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX-1) and NAD (P)
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