Abstract
Stimulation of glutamate receptors induces neuronal nitric oxide (NO) release, which in turn modulates glutamate transmission. The involvement of ionotropic glutamate NMDA and AMPA/kainate receptors in induction of NO production in the rat brain was examined after injection of kainate, a non-NMDA receptor agonist; kainate plus 6-cyano- 7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX), a selective AMPA/kainate receptor antagonist; or kainate plus 2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (APV), a selective NMDA receptor antagonist. Competitive glutamate receptor antagonists were injected with kainate unilaterally into the CA3 region of the rat hippocampus. The accumulation of nitrite, the stable metabolite of NO, was measured by the Griess reaction at different times (5 min, 15 min, 2 h, 48 h, and 7 days) in hippocampus, forebrain cortex, striatum, and cerebellum homogenates. The used glutamate antagonists APV and CNQX both provided sufficient neuroprotection in the sense of reducing nitrite concentrations, but with different mechanisms and time dynamics. Our findings suggest that NMDA and AMPA/kainate receptors are differentially involved in nitric oxide production. <br><br><font color="red"><b> This article has been retracted. Link to the retraction <u><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ABS150319031E">10.2298/ABS150319031E</a><u></b></font>
Highlights
T pocampus, forebrain cortex, striatum, and cerebellum homogenates
Our findings suggest that NMDA and AMPA/kainate receptors are differentially involved in nitric
Seaweed Digenea simplex, acts on glutamate receptors, Stimulation of glutamate KA receptors induces neuwhich leads to neurotoxic damage resembling the alter- ronal nitric oxide (NO) release, which in turn modulates ations observed in some neurological disorders glutamate transmission (Alabadi et al.1999; (Candelario – Jalil et al, 2001)
Summary
E receptors, which are classified into two groups: ionotropic and metabotropic. Ionotropic receptors act on cationic-. Mammals possess six NMDA allowing passage of Na+ and K+, is the main calcium ionophore of the cerebral cortex This receptor differs receptor subunits, four AMPA receptor subunits and five KA receptor subunits (Janssens et al, 2001). Nitric oxide is a highly reactive tors are the primary excitatory neurotransmitter receptors signal molecule in the CNS. It is a unique messenger in the vertebrate brain and are of critical importance to a molecule that serves diverse physiological functions wide variety of neurological processes. The rats were divided into five basic groups (drugare generated, such as during the process referred to as treated: KA, KA+CNQX, and KA+APV; and control: excitotoxicity, i.e., the excessive activation of glutamate intact and sham-operated animals), each basic group con-.
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