Effect of Glutamate Analogues on Red–green Opponent Interaction in Monkey Electroretinograms

Abstract

The effect of glutamate analogues on red–green opponent interaction was electrophysiologically investigated in anesthetized cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Two approaches were employed: amplitude measurement and principal component analysis. Electroretinograms were recorded for 23 monochromatic stimuli (400–700nm) at an equal energy with white light adaptation before and after treatment with the glutamate analogues, 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid, cis -2,3-piperidine-dicarboxylic acid, or both. Before treatment, although spectral amplitude curves of the a- and d-waves showed single, broad peaks at about 550nm, the b-wave curve had three peaks at about 460, 540 and 600nm, indicating the occurrence of the red–green opponent interaction. Principal component analysis performed on these waveforms extracted three components with short, middle, and long wavelength peaks, well defined characteristics of the red–green opponency. After vitreal injection of 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid, the a- and d-wave amplitudes were enhanced while the b-wave amplitude was almost completely diminished. However, principal component analysis showed basically similar characteristics to those before drug, suggesting that the red–green opponency was not affected. In contrast, after application of cis -2,3-piperidine-dicarboxylic acid, the a- and d-waves were diminished and the b-wave was enhanced as expected, however the enhancement was observed only in the short and middle wavelengths. As a result of this partial enhancement, the b-wave spectral amplitude curve showed only a single peak, unlike in the control. In addition, principal component analysis revealed a quite different result from the control; only two components with short and middle wavelength peaks and the component with long wavelength peak disappeared. Similar two components were also separated after the conjunction of both drugs. These results demonstrate that red–green opponency is greatly inhibited by cis -2,3 piperidine-dicarboxylic acid, and thus suggest that horizontal cells are related to a generation of the red–green opponency through a cone type selective or nonselective negative feedback.