Abstract
Background/objectivesProtein supplements, usually drinks rich in whey protein, are used widely for weight loss purposes in overweight adults. Information comparing the effects of whey protein on appetite and energy intake in men and women is limited. The objective was to compare the acute effects of whey-protein intake on energy intake, appetite, gastric emptying and gut hormones in healthy young men and women.Subjects/methodsGastric emptying (3D-ultrasonography), blood glucose and plasma insulin, glucagon, ghrelin, cholecystokinin (CCK), gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) concentrations (0–180 min), appetite (visual analogue scales), and ad libitum energy intake from a buffet meal (180–210 min) were determined after ingestion of 30 g (120 kcal) or 70 g (280 kcal) whey protein, or a flavoured-water control drink (~2 kcal) in 8 healthy young men (25 ± 2 y, 72 ± 3 kg, 23 ± 1 kg/m2) and 8 women (23 ± 1 y, 64 ± 2 kg, 24 ± 0.4 kg/m2).ResultsThere was a protein-load effect on gastric emptying, blood glucose, plasma insulin, glucagon, ghrelin, CCK, GIP and GLP-1 concentrations, and perceptions of hunger, desire to eat and prospective food consumption (P < 0.05). Ad libitum energy intake (average decrease of 206 ± 39 kcal (15 ± 2%) for men and of 46 ± 54 kcal (0 ± 26%) for women for the mean of the intakes after the 30 and 70 g whey-protein loads) and hunger were suppressed more by whey-protein ingestion in men than women (P = 0.046). There was no difference in suppression of energy intake between the 30 and 70 g protein loads (P = 0.75, interaction effect P = 0.19). Consequently, total energy intake (protein drink plus buffet meal) increased more compared to control in women than men (P = 0.010). The drinks emptied more slowly, and plasma glucagon, CCK and GLP-1 increased less after the protein drinks, in women than men (P < 0.05).ConclusionThe acute effects of whey protein ingestion on appetite, energy intake, gastric emptying and gut hormone responses are influenced by gender in healthy young adults.
Highlights
Supplements and diets high in protein, whey protein, are used frequently for weight loss purposes, in both men and women, based on the rationale that ingestion of protein has a muscle sparing effect and Nutrition and DiabetesGiezenaar et al Nutrition and Diabetes (2018)8:40 greater satiating effects than carbohydrate and fat[1,2]
The acute effects of whey protein ingestion on appetite, energy intake, gastric emptying and gut hormone responses are influenced by gender in healthy young adults
Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
Summary
Supplements and diets high in protein, whey protein, are used frequently for weight loss purposes, in both men and women, based on the rationale that ingestion of protein has a muscle sparing effect and Nutrition and DiabetesGiezenaar et al Nutrition and Diabetes (2018)8:40 greater satiating effects than carbohydrate and fat[1,2]. Supplements and diets high in protein, whey protein, are used frequently for weight loss purposes, in both men and women, based on the rationale that ingestion of protein has a muscle sparing effect and Nutrition and Diabetes. Our recent studies in healthy young men have shown that whey protein, ingested either orally, or infused intraduodenally, suppresses ad libitum energy intake at a subsequent meal, in excess of the caloric content of the protein load, so that total energy intake (protein plus meal) is less after intake of protein than after a non-caloric control[3,4]. In younger adults whey empties from the stomach relatively quickly when compared to casein[5]. These effects on gastrointestinal mechanisms are associated with the suppression of appetite and energy intake[3,4]
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