Abstract
Tricholoma matsutake (pine mushroom, PM) is a prized mushroom in Asia due to its unique flavor and pine aroma. The fruiting body of PM forms only in its natural habitat (pine forest), and little is known regarding the natural conditions required for successful generation of the fruiting bodies in this species. Recent studies suggest that microbial interactions may be associated with the growth of PM; however, there have been few studies of the bacterial effects on PM growth. In this study, we surveyed which bacteria can directly and indirectly promote the growth of PM by using co-cultures with PM and molds associated with the fruiting body. Among 16 bacterial species isolated from the fruiting body, some species significantly influenced the mycelial growth of PM and molds. Most bacteria negatively affected PM growth and exhibited various enzyme activities, which suggests that they use the fruiting body as nutrient source. However, growth-promoting bacteria belonging to the Dietzia, Ewingella, Pseudomonas, Paenibacillus, and Rodococcus were also found. In addition, many bacteria suppressed molds, which suggests an indirect positive effect on PM as a biocontrol agent. Our results provide important insights toward a better understanding of the microbial interactions in the fruiting body of PM, and indicate that growth-promoting bacteria may be an important component in successful cultivation of PM.
Highlights
Macrofungi develop large mycelial fruiting bodies that serve as reproductive organs producing spores [1], which are an excellent natural food source for a wide range of organisms including bacteria [2, 3]
Our results indicate that Se. marcescens was the most abundant species found in pine mushroom (PM) fruiting bodies, followed by My. lacteus, Ps. endophytica, Ew. americana, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (Fig 2B)
The PM fruiting body harbored different dominant bacterial genera compared to the bacterial genera found in the soil of the fairy ring (e.g. Burkholderia, Mycobacterium, and Paenibacillus) [25]
Summary
Macrofungi develop large mycelial fruiting bodies that serve as reproductive organs producing spores [1], which are an excellent natural food source for a wide range of organisms including bacteria [2, 3]. Fruiting bodies are mostly formed above-ground, some form underground for short periods [4]. This means that bacterial communities in soil can directly or indirectly contribute to the composition of bacterial communities within fruiting bodies [5]. Pent et al [4] showed that bacteria occurring within fruiting bodies are non-randomly selected from the surrounding soil based on their symbiotic functions or habitat requirements. Bacteria have been shown to have both positive and negative relationships with fungal fruiting bodies. Bacteria can trigger fruiting body formation such as that demonstrated by Pseudomonas putida and button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) [6].
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