Abstract
Flowers, leaves and fruits of hawthorn plant are traditionally used for treating diseases like hypertension and atherosclerosis. The medicinal effects of the plant are generally attributed to its phenolic compounds. However, the fruits are perishable materials because of their high content of water, and generally dried and stored to be used outside its season. The main aim of this research was to investigate the effect of different drying methods on phenolic compounds of the hawthorn fruit. Fruits were collected from the wild growing trees in Turkey. De-seeded fruits were dried in freeze-, oven- (60 oC) and microwave pretreated oven drying (microwave application for 5 min at 360 W before drying at 60 oC) methods and analyzed for antioxidant activity, phenolic compounds, total phenolic content and color parameters. Total phenolic content of fresh hawthorn fruits was found as 13.36 mg g-1 DW. Oven- and microwave pretreated oven drying methods had a reductive effect on total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of fruits when compared to freeze drying method. (-)-Epicatechin (994.10 mg kg-1 DW), rutin (765.30 mg kg-1 DW), and procyanidin B2 (553.80 mg kg-1 DW) were the main phenolics of the fruit. Lowest values of these three compounds were observed in oven-dried fruits. Microwave pretreatment oven drying method resulted in browner product. Although the highest phenolic concentration and antioxidant activity were occurred in freeze-dried sample, microwave pretreatment before oven drying could be applied to reduce the time and cost of drying in terms of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity.
Highlights
Crataegus orientalis, a member of Rosaceae family, is a kind of hawthorn with dark yellow:orange colored fruit that naturally grow in Mediterranean Basin, Turkey, Iran and other countries (Edward et al, 2012)
Color measurement Reflectance color values (L*, a*, b*, C* and h) of dried and fresh hawthorn fruits were measured by using a spectrophotometer (CM-5, Konica Minolta, Osaka, Japan)
The hue angle (h) and Chroma (C*) values were calculated using the equations below: Browning index (BI) was calculated from L*, a* and b* values according to the following equation (Maskan, 2001): Total phenolic content of fresh and dried fruits
Summary
A member of Rosaceae family, is a kind of hawthorn with dark yellow:orange colored fruit that naturally grow in Mediterranean Basin, Turkey, Iran and other countries (Edward et al, 2012). Leaves and flowers of Crataegus plant are rich in phenolic compounds (García-Mateos et al, 2013a; García-Mateos et al, 2013b) and are traditionally used for cardiovascular disorders, hypertension and atherosclerosis treatments (Nabavi et al, 2015). Biological impacts of hawthorn plant are generally attributed to its phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity (Nabavi et al, 2015). Polyphenols are antioxidant effective compounds and they possess higher free radical-scavenging activity than those of vitamins C and E. While these vitamins are seen to have equal antioxidant activities with kaempferol, chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid, the antioxidant activities of epigallocatechin gallate, cyanidin, quercetin and rutin are approximately 2 to 5 times higher (Rice-Evans et al, 1997). Phenolic profile has an important role in antioxidant activities of fruits and vegetables as well as total phenolic concentration
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