Abstract
Endotoxin is a complex molecule derived from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, and it has strong thermal stability. The processing of infant food can kill pathogenic bacteria but cannot remove endotoxin. Because the intestinal structure of infants is not fully developed, residual endotoxin poses a threat to their health by damaging the intestinal flora and inducing intestinal inflammation, obesity, and sepsis, among others. This paper discusses the sources and contents of endotoxin in infant food and methods for preventing endotoxin from harming infants. However, there is no clear evidence that endotoxin levels in infant food cause significant immune symptoms or even diseases in infants. However, in order to improve the safety level of infant food and reduce the endotoxin content, this issue should not be ignored. The purpose of this review is to provide a theoretical basis for manufacturers and consumers to understand the possible harm of endotoxin content in infant formula milk powder and to explore how to reduce its level in infant formula milk powder. Generally, producers should focus on cleaning the milk source, securing the cold chain, avoiding long-distance transportation, and shortening the storage time of raw milk to reduce the level of bacteria and endotoxin. After production and processing, the endotoxin content should be measured as an important index to test the quality of infant formula milk powder so as to provide high-quality infant products for the healthy growth of newborns.
Highlights
In the early stage of human life, the intestinal immune organs are not yet fully developed [1,2]
This paper compiles the literature on the content of endotoxin in infant food, the possible harm of endotoxin to infants, and food additives or methods that can prevent or treat endotoxin contamination in order to improve the quality and safety of infant food, reduce unnecessary foodborne stress in infants, and suggest courses of action that will support the healthy growth of infants and young children
The lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli secretes a large amount of necrosis factor κB (NF-κB)-dependent cytokines, such as interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), IL-1b, and IL-6a in primary Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMCs), and it can induce cells to synthesize a large number of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and NF-κB responses; lipid A extracted from B. dorei has two ionic structures with one phosphate group and four and five acyl chains
Summary
In the early stage of human life, the intestinal immune organs are not yet fully developed [1,2]. Researchers have found that probiotic oligosaccharides in breast milk can facilitate the proliferation and fermentation of probiotics in infants and young children These probiotics (including lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria) play a positive role in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis and the body’s resistance to endotoxin [4,7]. This paper compiles the literature on the content of endotoxin in infant food, the possible harm of endotoxin to infants, and food additives or methods that can prevent or treat endotoxin contamination in order to improve the quality and safety of infant food, reduce unnecessary foodborne stress in infants, and suggest courses of action that will support the healthy growth of infants and young children
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