Abstract
Side-type orifice intake is a type of selective withdrawal facility used in managing reservoirs to mitigate the negative effects of low-temperature water. Based on the temperature data of a thermal stratified reservoir in China, an experiment was conducted in flume to study the influence of intake flow rate on withdrawn water temperature with different temperature distributions. Results indicated that withdrawn water temperature changed with different flow rates. The temperature change was determined by the water temperature gradients above and below the intake, whereas the change trend of temperature depended on the difference between the water temperature gradient above and below the intake. We likewise proposed a new equation with which the withdrawn water temperature of a thermal stratified reservoir using a side-type orifice could be calculated. These findings could be directly applied to the design and operation of side-type orifice intake in thermal stratified reservoirs.
Highlights
Most reservoirs are typically temperature stratified as a result of surface heating and wind mixing
Previous experiment studies on selective withdrawal were conducted with a single, linear density distribution
Limited information was available on the effect of intake flow rate on withdrawn water temperature
Summary
Most reservoirs are typically temperature stratified as a result of surface heating and wind mixing. Water should be released from different depths (i.e., temperature), which is the core concept of selective withdrawal [1]. Stratified flow occurs when water is withdrawn due to the changes in fluid density caused by differences in temperature [2]. Over the past 60 years, numerous studies had applied numerical simulations or physical experiments to investigate withdrawal with stratified flow. A number of studies were conducted on flow through the orifices or bottom slots within a two-layer system [3,4,5,6,7]. Experiments on linearly stratified flow through orifices in vertical walls were performed to study the withdrawal layer thickness [10,11,12]
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