Abstract
Secondary copper smelting is an effective means of treating waste resources. During the smelting process, the viscous behavior of the smelting slags is essential for smooth operation. Therefore, the effects of Fe/SiO2 ratio and Fe2O3 contents on the viscous behavior of the FeO−Fe2O3−SiO2−8 wt%CaO−3 wt%MgO−3 wt%Al2O3 slag system were investigated. The slag viscosity and activation energy for viscous flow decrease with increasing Fe/SiO2 from 0.8 to 1.2, and increase as the Fe2O3 content increases from 4 wt% to 16 wt% at Fe/SiO2 ratio of 1.2. However, under the conditions of Fe/SiO2 of 0.8 and 1.0, the viscosity and activation energy for viscous flow show a minimum value at Fe2O3 content of 12 wt%. Fe2O3 exhibits amphoteric properties. In addition, the increase in Fe2O3 content raises the breaking temperature of the slag, while the Fe/SiO2 ratio has the opposite effect. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy show that increases in Fe/SiO2 ratio lead to simplification of the silicate network structure, while increases in Fe2O3 content improves the formability of the network. This study provides theoretical support for the related research and application of secondary copper smelting.
Highlights
The mixed feed containing primary and secondary raw materials is and has long been a standard operating procedure in the copper-smelting industry
Fe/SiO2 ratio of 1.2, the width of the vibrational band of [SiO4 ]4− tetrahedra gradually narrows and the height of the groove increases with increasing Fe2 O3 content, and the symmetric Si–O bending vibration band becomes pronounced with Fe2 O3 addition, which is consistent with the viscosity measurement results
As Fe2 O3 content increases, the stretching vibration band of [FeO4 ]5− at 690 cm−1 increases, suggesting that with the addition of Fe2 O3, a gradual polymerization occurred within the silicate network, which is in consonance with (a)the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and viscosity measurements
Summary
The mixed feed containing primary and secondary raw materials is and has long been a standard operating procedure in the copper-smelting industry. According to the literature [6,7,10], FeO is a network modifier with regular octahedral coordination, which decomposes to produce free oxygen This depolymerizes the silicate network structure and reduces the slag viscosity. In the decreasing order of importance, the homogeneous liquid slag viscosity of iron–silicate metallurgical slag is affected by various factors: Fe/SiO2 ratio > temperature > alternative oxides, such as Al2 O3 , CaO, MgO, and Cu2 O > Fe3+ /Fe2+ ratio. Park et al [24] explored the viscous behavior of copper-smelting slag and found that an increase in Fe/SiO2 ratio decreases the slag viscosity. Ducret et al [12] observed that the FeO−Fe2 O3 −SiO2 −CaO−MgO slag viscosity decreases significantly as the Fe/SiO2 ratio increases from 1.30 to 2.00. This paper will be of significance in the smelting treatment of secondary resources in the processes of copper industry
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