Abstract
Effect of Extracts of Cupressus macrocarpa and Alpinia officinarum on Expression of Chitinase and FGF Receptor Genes in Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 Cell Line
Highlights
The co-existence of carbapenemase encoding genes was observed in E. coli isolates as blaIMP/ blaVIM (n=4) were recovered from poultry and water samples, blaVIM/ blaNDM (n=21) were recovered from chicken and urine samples and blaIMP/ blaVIM/ blaNDM (n=14) was observed in isolates from chicken and urine samples
The emergence of resistance in E. coli against cephalosporins is of major concern in human as well as veterinary medicine because cephalosporins are widely used in human healthcare settings (Dierikx et al, 2010)
The irrational use of antibiotics is evaluated as an imperative predisposing factor for the attainment of ESBL producing bacteria increasing resistance to frequently used drugs such as erythromycin, ampicillin, gentamicin, tetracycline, cotrimoxazole, and third-generation cephalosporins (Reich et al, 2013)
Summary
The antimicrobial susceptibility profiling and phenotypic confirmation of ESBL producers were performed as per CLSI. Confirmed ESBL producing strains were further subjected to molecular characterization for the presence of ESBL and carbapenemase-producing genes using PCR. The PCR results revealed that 71.2% of blaCTX-M, 67.5% blaCTX-M -1 and 62.2% blaTEM producing isolates were recovered from poultry, 19.1% blaCTX-M, 21.6% blaCTX-M -1, 36.8% blaTEM from environment and 9.6% blaCTX-M, 10.8% blaCTX-M -1 0.8% blaTEM from urine samples. ESBL producing E. coli exhibited resistance against cephalosporins, β-lactamase inhibitors, monobactam, folate-pathway inhibitors, fluoroquinolones, and aminoglycosides. This study investigates the high prevalence of ESBL producing E. coli in chicken, farmworkers, and water that is alarming and could lead to serious threats to both livestock and public health. Xtended-spectrum-β-lactamase (ESBL) producing Enterobacteriaceae Escherichia coli are burden of above $100 trillion if AMR is not properly managed now. Two Pakistani studies documented becoming a serious threat to the public health sector globally, that AMR pathogens are responsible for 4/9 children death mainly in developing countries like Pakistan
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