Abstract
ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of extractives soluble in hot water, besides final carbonization temperatures, on the gravimetric yield and properties of charcoal for waste of three native forest species from the Amazon region. Waste cuttings of Ipé, Grapia and Maçaranduba species, from the machine processing for joinery of a company in the State of Pará, were used. Carbonization was carried out in an adapted electric furnace with a heating rate of 1.67°C min-1 and final temperatures of 500, 600 and 700°C. The waste was carbonized fresh after extraction in hot water to remove extractives. Gravimetric yields were analyzed, as well as chemical features and high heating value. In the evaluation of the experiment, arranged in a factorial scheme with three factors (species x temperature x material with and without extraction), and Principal Component Analysis used too. The presence of extractives (soluble in hot water) from wood waste had little influence on the gravimetric yield and immediate chemical composition of charcoal; however, it showed a greater high heating value and lower contents of hydrogen and nitrogen. The increase in the final carbonization temperature reduced the gravimetric yield in charcoal, the content of volatile materials and hydrogen, with a higher content of fixed carbon, carbon and high heating value. The treatments with the best energy characteristics were obtained from Ipé and Maçaranduba charcoals with extractives produced at 600°C, in addition to Ipê and Maçaranduba charcoals with and without extractives obtained at 700°C.
Highlights
The Amazon region is one of the main producing regions of tropical wood in the world, only behind countries as Malaysia and Indonesia (ORGANIZACIÓN INTERNACIONAL DE LAS MADERAS TROPICALES - OIMT, 2011)
Due to the importance that there is in the possibility of using this waste as an energy source, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of extractives soluble in hot water and final carbonization temperature on the gravimetric yield and properties of charcoal on the waste of three forest native species from the Amazon region
The summary of the analysis of variance of the gravimetric yield and quality of charcoal indicated the effects of the interactions species x temperature and species x extraction were significant for the gravimetric yield in charcoal, while triple the interaction was significant for the contents of volatile materials and fixed carbon (Table 1)
Summary
The Amazon region is one of the main producing regions of tropical wood in the world, only behind countries as Malaysia and Indonesia (ORGANIZACIÓN INTERNACIONAL DE LAS MADERAS TROPICALES - OIMT, 2011). Forests have great importance in the context of carbon dioxide capture from the atmosphere (FIGUEIREDO et al, 2015), and it is one of the factors favoring the effort to try to keep the preservation of the Amazon rainforest This does not occur and a significant amount of trees is annually torn down by various companies for wood exploitation. In 2009, in the Legal Amazon, comprising the Brazilian states of Pará, Amazonas, Maranhão, Goiás, Mato Grosso, Acre, Amapá, Rondônia, Roraima and Tocantins, 2,226 logging companies were identified. These companies extracted around 14.2 million cubic meters of native wood, the equivalent to 3.5 million trees and, among the various exploited species, Apuleia leiocarpa (Vogel) J.F.Macbr. The processing of 14.2 million cubic meters of roundwood resulted in the production of 5.8 million m3 of lumber (INSTITUTO DO HOMEM E MEIO AMBIENTE DA AMAZÔNIA, 2010), generating 8.4 million m3 waste
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
