Abstract
Ocimum gratissimum is a shrub that belongs to the Lamiaceae family of plants. Despite the known biological activities and ethnomedicinal applications, comparative evaluation of the effects of different extraction techniques on the chemical and bioactive properties of O. gratissimum extracts has not yet been performed. This study adopted different analytical techniques to determine the effect of extraction temperature and solvent type on the phytochemical and bioactive properties of O. gratissimum extracts. Chemical profiling showed increased concentrations of compounds for both the ethanolic and methanolic extracts compared to the water extracts. The results also revealed that the extraction temperature had an effect on the total phenolic content and radical-scavenging properties of the different extracts. The antioxidant kinetic modeling achieved the best fit when using the second-order kinetic model. Methanolic extracts had the highest levels of antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella typhimurium. At high concentrations, all extracts lowered the viability of the breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. In conclusion, the chemical and bioactive properties of all extracts showed significant dependence on the extraction temperature and solvent type. With proper extraction methods, they boast a wide range of promising applications in the medical, pharmaceutical, and food industries.
Highlights
Microbial pollution is a global problem that is primarily caused by pathogenic bacteria such as Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Staphylococcus aureus[1]
A study by Cvetanović et al.[18] on extractions of Aronia melanocarpa M. stem reported more flavonoids and phenolic content in extractions with ethanol compared to extractions with methanol
The differences in concentration of compounds could be a consequence of the extraction temperature resulting in rupture of the plant cell walls, leading to diffusion of the plant constituents into the water medium
Summary
Microbial pollution is a global problem that is primarily caused by pathogenic bacteria such as Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Staphylococcus aureus[1]. There is a need to ascertain which materials, techniques, and extraction conditions are optimal for polyphenol extraction, as the efficiency of the extraction process can affect the polyphenolic content and antioxidant capacity of the extract[10]. A universally acceptable protocol for extraction of polyphenols from plants would be difficult to establish due to the structural and compositional diversity of different plant phenolic compounds. Several variables, such as temperature and the nature of the solvent, may act independently or dependently to affect the extraction efficiency as well as the antioxidant capacity. Antimicrobial capacity, inhibitory effect on cancer cell proliferation, and extraction efficiency of polyphenolics from O. gratissimum
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