Effect of Extra Virgin Olive Oil and Traditional Brazilian Diet on the Bone Health Parameters of Severely Obese Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Camila Kellen De Souza Cardoso,Lorena Pereira De Souza Rosa,Annelisa Silva E Alves De Carvalho Santos Santos,Maria Do Rosário Gondim Peixoto,Érika Aparecida Silveira,Carolina Rodrigues Mendonça,Priscila Valverde De Oliveira Vitorino

doi:10.3390/nu12020403

Camila Kellen De Souza Cardoso, Lorena Pereira De Souza Rosa + Show 5 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020403

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Abstract

Dietary interventions can stabilize and/or reverse bone mass loss. However, there are no reports on its effects on bone mineral density (BMD) in severely obese people, despite the vulnerability of this group to bone loss. We examine the effect of extra virgin olive oil supplementation and the traditional Brazilian diet (DieTBra) on BMD and levels of calcium, vitamin D, and parathyroid hormone (PTH) in severely obese adults. A randomized controlled trial followed-up with severely obese adults (n = 111, with mean body mass index 43.6 kg/m2 ± 4.5 kg/m2) for 12 weeks. Study participants received either olive oil (52 mL/day), DieTBra, or olive oil + DieTBra (52 mL/day + DieTBra). BMD was assessed by total spine and hip dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. After interventions, BMD means for total spine (p = 0.016) and total hip (p = 0.029) were higher in the DieTBra group than in the olive oil + DieTBra group. Final mean calcium levels were higher in the olive oil group compared to the olive oil + DieTBra group (p = 0.026). Findings suggest that DieTBra and extra virgin olive oil have positive effects on bone health in severely obese adults. The major study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02463435).

Highlights

Severe obesity, defined by a body mass index (BMI) ≥35 kg/m2, a category of obesity that has majorly increased in the last years, is an important risk factor for increased morbidity and mortality, associated with the increased occurrence of chronic non-communicable diseases [1,2]
It demonstrates a significant increase in spine and hip bone mineral density (BMD), as well as a significant reduction in parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels in participants of the DieTBra group, even with lower energy intake compared to the other groups, and an increase in serum calcium in the olive oil group after a 12-week follow-up
The significant increase in total spine and total hip BMD in the DieTBra group corroborates findings by Rivas et al [55], who found that calcaneal BMD in pre- and postmenopausal women was significantly associated with the regular consumption of fruits and vegetables within a healthy and varied diet pattern (Mediterranean diet)

Summary

Introduction

Severe obesity, defined by a body mass index (BMI) ≥35 kg/m2 , a category of obesity that has majorly increased in the last years, is an important risk factor for increased morbidity and mortality, associated with the increased occurrence of chronic non-communicable diseases [1,2]. Severe obesity appears to not have a protective effect on bone health [3], the research is still incipient and controversial [4,5,6]. Increased prevalence of both severe obesity [1] and osteoporosis [7] is a noteworthy health concern. Endocrine, and metabolic disorders common in obese adults act negatively on bone mass. These conditions may support osteoclast hyperactivity, followed by osteoblast hypoactivity, resulting in bone deterioration [5,6,8,9]. Dietary interventions to stabilize and/or reverse bone mass loss, such as the use of extra virgin olive oil, were examined [10,11,12,13,14,15]

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