Abstract
Objectives:To compare the effect of exercise and morphine on abstinence syndrome and hippocampal gene expression in rat model.Methods:Thirty adult male rats were exposed to voluntary wheel exercise (low, medium, high) for 28 days. The subjects entered Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) apparatus and experienced morphine (low, medium, high) CPP and followed by naloxone test. Correlation between exercise level, morphine injection, concurrent morphine administration and exercise with morphine CPP, BDNF and TrkB genes was determined. Rats were euthanized, decapitated and the hippocampus was removed. The expression of BDNF and TrkB genes were evaluated by real time PCR.Results:Active rats ran an average of 839.18 m/d. A significant (P<0.001) correlation between exercise level, morphine injection, concurrent morphine administration and exercise with morphine CPP and BDNFand TrKB gene expressions was found.Conclusion:Voluntary exercise in different levels potentiates the brain rewarding system, CPP scale, and hippocampal BDNF and TrKB expressions. High range of voluntary exercise demonstrated an increase in the likelihood of developing addictive and drug-seeking behavior.
Highlights
Drug addiction is considered as a serious and prolonged relapsing brain disorder described by pathological and compulsive drug seeking tendencies and drug abuse, paired with the exhibiting negative emotional states in the case of drug abstinence and negative outcomes for both drug abuser and their families.[1]
Rats with low exercise ran in a range of 0-80 rev/day (38.466 m/day), in medium exercise ran from 80 to[160] (107.59 m/day) and in high exercise ran more than 160 rev/day (1601.94 m/day)
Exercise Effects on Conditioned Place Preference (CPP), Withdrawal, Brainderived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and TrKB: The effects of exercise, morphine and the morphine exercise interaction on condition place preference (CPP), withdrawal rate, BDNF and TrKB expressions in hippocampus were presented in Table-II
Summary
Drug addiction is considered as a serious and prolonged relapsing brain disorder described by pathological and compulsive drug seeking tendencies and drug abuse, paired with the exhibiting negative emotional states in the case of drug abstinence and negative outcomes for both drug abuser and their families.[1]. An aspect especially worthy of note is that the brain is not able to recognize emotions of reward caused by a chemical or an experience (e.g., exercise).[2] Exercise affect the central dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and serotonergic systems through mechanisms, including neurogenesis, mood enhancement, and endorphin secretion.[3,4]. Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) is defined as repeated pairing of a specific setting with morphine. When paired stimulus is rewarding and reinforcing to the animal, the preference for the paired setting is enhanced.[5] It has been demonstrated that some forms of exercise may diminish CPP,[6] but the effect of prolonged and voluntary exercise on CPP to morphine has not still been determined. Brainderived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is characterized by a neurotrophin that exerts support of neuronal survival, differentiation, and connectivity which can have an impact on substance dependence.[7]
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