Abstract
Cisplatin is a potent front-line antitumor drug characterized by dose-limiting nephrotoxicity resulting to withdrawal from treatment by patient. This research was therefore designed to investigate the mitigating effect of ethanolic leave extract of phyllantus amarus on cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity in albino rats. Thirty six (36) rats were divided into 9 groups (n=4rats) labeled A to I with group A (water control) treated with 0.2ml of distil water, B(vehicle control) administered 0.2ml of olive oil, C and D were orally treated with 150 and 300mg/kgBW leave extract of P. amarus only dissolved in olive oil for 14day respectively, 0.7ml of cisplatin was administered to rats in group E while groups F and G , H and I orally received 150 and 300mg/kgBW leave extract of P. amarus dissolved in olive oil for 7 and 14days respectively after the administration of cisplatin to the rats. The rats were sacrificed on days 7 and 14, blood samples were collected into heparinized sample bottles for biochemical investigation of sodium ion (Na+), potassium ion (K+), Chloride ion (Cl-), bicarbonate ion (HCO3-), creatinine and urea levels. Qualitative phytochemical screening of P.amarus was also carried out. The result revealed significant decrease (p<0.05) in plasma concentrations of K+, Cl- , creatinine and urea in groups F,G, H and I when compared to negative control(E) value and significant increase (p<0.05) in plasma concentrations of Na+ and HCO3- when compared to negative control value. Group H for all the parameters under consideration showed a non significant difference (p>0.05) (almost close to oil control value) when compared to group A value, indicating restoration to normal value. The result of phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, cardenolides, steroids, tannins, carbohydrate and anthraquinones. Conclusively, ethanolic leave extract of P. amarus demonstrated mitigating effect of cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity in albino wistar rats.Keywords: Phyllanthus amarus, nephrotoxicity, sodium ion (Na+), potassium ion (K+), Chloride ion (Cl-), bicarbonate ion (HCO3-), creatinine and urea
Highlights
Phyllanthus amarus is widely distributed in all tropical and subtropical regions of the planet (Edeoga et al, 2006) and Paleobotanical studies have not found the exact geographic origin of this plant
Result from Table 2 showed significant elevation (p
Chu et al, (1993) reported accidental overdoses, all of which have led to renal failure, confirm the potency of cisplatin as a renal toxin in humans. dos Santo et al, (2012) and Pabla and Dong (2008) observed decreases of 20% to 40% in glomerular filtration 10 days after drug intravenous administration, and are followed by increased levels of creatinine, reduced glomerular filtration rates (GFR), hypomagnesemia, and hypokalemia
Summary
Phyllanthus amarus (family: Euphorbiaceae) is widely distributed in all tropical and subtropical regions of the planet (Edeoga et al, 2006) and Paleobotanical studies have not found the exact geographic origin of this plant. Khan et al, (2011) studied on 19 populations of this species collected from different geographical regions of India and discovered phytochemical diversity was found more in leaves followed by seeds, stem and roots from one geographical region to another region. This informed the need to embark on the phytochemical screening of this species located in South-South geographical region of Rivers State, Nigeria despite the fact that several works have been done on the phytochemical screening of the plant. The phenolic constituents of P. amarus mitigated the effect of anti-mycin A-induced mitochondrial
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