Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a major epidemic in pig production, leading to economic losses in the pig industry worldwide. The use of medicinal plants with antiviral properties might be useful help to prevent and control PRRSV outbreaks. Caesalpinia sappan (CS) heartwood is an important herbal ingredient used in Thai folk medicine, possessing various biological activities, including antiviral activity. The present study focuses on the in vitro antiviral activity against PRRSV of a semi-purified fraction of ethanolic CS crude extract using preparative high-performance liquid chromatography. Qualification of the fractions illustrating positive antiviral activity was carried out with liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The preparative chromatography separated the crude extract into six consecutive fractions, among which the first fraction showed potential antiviral activity by inhibiting PRRSV replication in a MARC-145 monolayer (virus titer 2.75 median tissue culture infective dose (TCID50)/mL (log10) vs. 9.50 median log10 TCID50/mL of the control) at 72 h post-infection, and this fraction included byakangelicin, brazilin, naringenin, and brazilein. These results provide useful information for further study to effectively develop the CS bioactive antiviral compounds against PRRSV as a feed additive or veterinary drug in the pig industry.
Highlights
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), the causative agent of PRRS, is an enveloped single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus that belongs to the Arteriviridae family [1,2]
It was found that a yield as high as 7.020% was achieved from the raw material of Caesalpinia sappan (CS) heartwood (500.323 g)
The ethanolic CS crude extract was separated into six semi-purified fractions by preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
Summary
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is an important major infectious disease that has adversely impacted the global pig industry. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), the causative agent of PRRS, is an enveloped single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus that belongs to the Arteriviridae (order Nidovirales) family [1,2]. PRRSV induces reproductive failure in pregnant sows and respiratory distress in pigs of all ages [3] as well as predisposing pigs to infection by bacteria and other viral pathogens [4,5]. Even though vaccinations have been used to control this disease, some 4.0/). There are currently no specific drug treatments in clinical use available against PRRSV infection. The use of antibiotics might help in controlling secondary infections during
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