Abstract
BackgroundPrevious studies in human patients suggest depth of sedation may be affected by environmental noise or music; however, related data in domestic animals is limited. The objective of the current study was to investigate the effect of noise and music on dexmedetomidine-induced (DM- 10 µg/kg, IM) sedation in 10 dogs.MethodsIn a crossover design, post-DM injection dogs were immediately subjected to recorded human voices at either 55–60 decibel (dB) (Noise 1) or 80–85 dB (Noise 2); classical music at 45–50 dB (Music); or background noise of 40–45 dB (Control+). Control− included IM saline injection and exposure to 40–45 dB background noise. Sedation was assessed via monitoring spontaneous behavior and accelerometry (delta-g) throughout three 20-min evaluation periods: baseline, noise exposure, and post-treatment. Sedation was further assessed during two restraint tests at 30 min (R1) and 40 min (R2) post-injection. A mixed model for crossover design was used to determine the effect of noise exposure and time on either spontaneous behavior scores or delta-g. The restraint scores were analyzed using a two-way repeated measures ANOVA.ResultsSpontaneous behavior scores indicated less sedation during Noise 2 compared to Control+ (P = 0.05). R2 restraint scores for all DM treatments except Noise 2 indicated significantly higher sedation than Control− [C+ (P = 0.003), M (P = 0.014) and N1 (P = 0.044)].DiscussionResults suggest that the quality of sedation is negatively impacted by high-intensity noise conditions (80–85 dB), but exposure to music did not improve sedation in this population of research dogs.
Highlights
The acoustic environment of veterinary hospitals and its effects on patients has not been fully analyzed, the impact of noise has been extensively scrutinized in human healthcare (Hasfeldt, Laerkner & Birkelund, 2010; Hsu et al, 2012; How to cite this article Albright et al (2017), Effect of environmental noise and music on dexmedetomidine-induced sedation in dogs
Post-treatment scores were significantly higher than the baseline scores for all treatments [C− (P = 0.015), C + (P = 0.022), M (P = 0.001), Noise 1 (N1) (P = 0.006), Noise 2 (N2) (P = 0.011)]
Behavior scores during post-treatment periods for treatments N1 and N2 were higher than their respective noise exposure periods [N1 (P = 0.046) and N2 (P = 0.015)] but did not differ for any other treatment (Fig. 2)
Summary
The acoustic environment of veterinary hospitals and its effects on patients has not been fully analyzed, the impact of noise has been extensively scrutinized in human healthcare (Hasfeldt, Laerkner & Birkelund, 2010; Hsu et al, 2012; How to cite this article Albright et al (2017), Effect of environmental noise and music on dexmedetomidine-induced sedation in dogs. A mixed model for crossover design was used to determine the effect of noise exposure and time on either spontaneous behavior scores or delta-g. Spontaneous behavior scores indicated less sedation during Noise 2 compared to Control+ (P = 0.05). Results suggest that the quality of sedation is negatively impacted by highintensity noise conditions (80–85 dB), but exposure to music did not improve sedation in this population of research dogs
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