Abstract
This study aimed to improve the physicochemical stability of water-in-oil-in-water (W1/O/W2) double emulsions using different formulations that influence the inner emulsion fraction (water-in-oil (W/O) type: 10 %, 20 %, 30 %, 40 %, and 50 %) and osmotic agents (NaCl, KCl, MgCl2, and Na2CO3). The stabilities of the double emulsions were analyzed for 60 d based on the droplet size, charge, viscosity, and encapsulation efficiency (EE). From the results of the inner emulsion fraction, the double emulsions showed the smallest droplet size at 50 % inner emulsion fraction, regardless of the osmotic agent. The viscosity and EE of the double emulsions increased as the inner emulsion fraction increased. The droplet size of the double emulsion increased in the following order: nonelectrolyte (control) <Na2CO3 < MgCl2 < KCl< NaCl, according to osmotic agents. The double emulsions with NaCl and MgCl2 exhibited higher EEs than the other emulsions. The EE of the double emulsion decreased from 81 % (MgCl2) to 0 %. Therefore, our results concluded that the best formulation for a stable double emulsion was NaCl or MgCl2 at 50 % of the inner emulsion fraction.
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