Abstract
Eggshells are one of the solid wastes in the world and are considered hazardous according to European Commission regulations. The utilization of solid wastes, like eggshells, will help create a sustainable environment by minimizing the solid wastes that are disposed into the environment. The utilization of eggshell powder in cement also helps to reduce the carbon dioxide emissions from cement factories by reducing clinker production. In this study, the effect of eggshell powder on the hydration of cement products was investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Pastes were made with 10% and 20% eggshell powder and examined for 1, 14, and 28 days of hydration. The addition of eggshell powder transformed ettringite to monosulfoaluminate and to monocarboaluminate. In 20% eggshell powder, the formation of monocarboaluminate was detected in the early stages and accelerated the hydration reaction. The CaCO3 from the eggshells reacted with the C3A and changed the hydration products of the pastes. The addition of eggshell powder provided nucleation sites in the hydration products and accelerated cement hydration.
Highlights
Cement is the second most important material consumed daily in human life next to water
This study evaluated the effects of eggshell hydration of cement
The samples were put in a separate centrifuge tube, which was conical with dimensions of Ø29 × h115 mm and cured under water at a temperature of 25 °C until the day of testing
Summary
Cement is the second most important material consumed daily in human life next to water. It is mandatory for socioeconomic growth and the development of countries. The manufacturing of cement is immensely energy intensive It is a major cause of environmental problems and accounts for around 5% of global carbon dioxide emissions [1]. Using industrial byproducts and wastes as a partial replacement of cement will reduce the emission of carbon dioxide from the production of clinker, reduce energy consumption by producing less clinker, and help the management of wastes. Grzegorz et al [4] described how fly ash has an impact on ecology by reducing problematic landfill sites, CO2 emissions into the atmosphere, and the energy produced during cement production. Eggshell waste generation is 150,000, 190,000, and 11,000 tons annually in the United States, India, and the United
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