Abstract
BackgroundAdipose tissue is a major endocrine organ and is thought to play a central role in the metabolic control of reproductive function in cattle. Plane of nutrition during early life has been shown to influence the timing of puberty in both male and female cattle, though the exact biological mechanisms involved are currently unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of early calf-hood nutrition on the transcriptomic profile of subcutaneous adipose tissue in Holstein-Friesian bulls to identify possible downstream effects on reproductive physiology.ResultsHolstein-Friesian bull calves with a mean (±S.D.) age and bodyweight of 19 (±8.2) days and 47.5 (±5.3) kg, respectively, were assigned to either a high (n = 10) or low (n = 10) plane of nutrition. Calves were fed in order to achieve an overall growth rate of 1.08 and 0.57 kg/day for the high and low plane of nutrition treatments, respectively. At 126 days of age, the bulls were euthanized, subcutaneous adipose tissue samples were harvested and RNAseq analysis was performed. There were 674 genes differentially expressed in adipose tissue of calves on the low compared with the high plane of nutrition (P < 0.05; FDR < 0.05; fold change > 2.0). High plane of nutrition positively altered the expression of genes across an array of putative biological processes but the most dominant cellular processes affected were cellular energy production and branched chain amino acid degradation. A high plane of nutrition caused upregulation of genes such as leptin (LEP) and adiponectin (ADIPOQ), which are known to directly affect reproductive function.ConclusionsThese results provide an insight into the effect of augmenting the plane of nutrition of Holstein-Friesian bull calves in the prepubertal period on the transcriptome of adipose tissue.
Highlights
Adipose tissue is a major endocrine organ and is thought to play a central role in the metabolic control of reproductive function in cattle
Animal performance and adipose tissue histology Average daily bodyweight gain from the start to the end of the study was 1.08 ± 0.03 kg and 0.57 ± 0.03 kg for high and low plane of nutrition groups, respectively and this translated into a bodyweight difference of 53.8 kg at slaughter between the bulls of the high compared to the low treatment group (160.9 ± 3.98 kg versus 107.1 ± 3.19 kg, respectively; P < 0.001)
A multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) plot was created in Edge-R which estimated the degree of similarity between samples from the high compared to the low nutritional treatments
Summary
Adipose tissue is a major endocrine organ and is thought to play a central role in the metabolic control of reproductive function in cattle. It is postulated that the period of potential for stem cells to differentiate into adipocytes is very limited during early life development [8] Adipose hormones such as leptin production increases proportionally in line with an increase in body fat [9]; it is a signal of energy sufficiency [10]. Studies have shown that while there is an absence of leptin receptors on some key reproductively related cells such as GnRH neurons [13]; the effects of leptin on GnRH release have been shown to be mediated by kisspeptin in some species [14] Adiponectin, another adipokine hormone, has been shown to have its receptors, ADIPOR1 and ADIPOR2, expressed in the anterior pituitary and the arcuate nucleus in the hypothalamus of cows [15]; adiponectin employs two potential pathways to signal to the HPT axis
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