Effect of drying history on swelling properties and cell attachment to oligo(poly(ethylene glycol) fumarate) hydrogels for guided tissue regeneration applications

Abstract

In these experiments, the effects of the drying history of hydrogels made from a novel polymer, oligo(poly(ethylene glycol) fumarate) (OPF) with two different poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) molecular weights (approximately 920 (1K) and 9110 (10K) g/mol), were investigated. The hydrogels were either formed, dried and then swelled, representing what may occur in the case of a pre-formed membrane for guided tissue regeneration, or were formed and swelled immediately, as may occur with an injectable material for such applications. Subsequently, swelling properties, sol fraction and polymer network structure (as indicated by differential scanning calorimetry), as well as attachment of human dermal fibroblasts to these hydrogels at 4 and 24 h was examined. It was found that drying before swelling caused a significant reduction in final fold swelling of OPF hydrogels, regardless of OPF formulation or method of drying (air-dried or vacuum-dried) (e.g. PEG 10K swollen first: 13.94 ± 0.35 vs. vacuum first: 6.53 ± 0.12; PEG 1K swollen first: 8.99 ± 0.47 vs. vacuum first: 2.26 ± 0.08). This decreased swelling correlated to significantly higher cell attachment (% seeded) to these hydrogels at 24 h (PEG 10K vacuum first: 21.1 ± 4.7% vs. swollen first: 7.1 ± 5.5%; PEG 1K vacuum first: 58.2 ± 2% vs. swollen first: 7.4 ± 2.2%). LIVE/DEAD staining followed by microscopic analysis revealed attached cells were viable, yet rounded, and that, in the case of the PEG 1K dried-first samples, undulations in the surface visible in the hydrated state may have affected cell adhesion. Regardless of treatment, all hydrogels showed significantly less cell attachment than the tissue culture polystyrene control after 24 h (104.9 ± 4.4%). These results suggest that, by altering the PEG molecular weight used in synthesis, OPF hydrogels may be tailored to produce desired swelling properties and reduce non-specific cell adhesion for either injectable or pre-formed applications, thus providing a potential alternative material for use in guided tissue regeneration procedures.