Effect of Drought and Subsequent Precipitation (2016-2020) on Soil pH, Microbial Biomass, and Plant Nutrient Change in the Semi-Arid Region of Western North Dakota, USA

Abstract

<p>Drought resulting from extended periods of limited precipitation have a substantial impact on soil pH, microbial biomass, and soil derived nutrients for plant growth. A long-term integrated crop, beef, and soil health research project at the Dickinson Research Extension Center is designed around a no-till diverse multi-crop rotation (spring wheat, cover crop, corn, pea-barley, sunflower). In this crop and animal production system, beef cattle graze the pea-barley, corn, and 13-specie cover crop to document microbial, fungal, and nutrient change over time and space. Precipitation during the first five-year crop rotation was normal to slightly above normal. However, the second five-year rotation was drier than normal resulting in nutrient concentration, reduced microbial biomass, and pH decline. Potential nitrogen mineralization of soil organic matter (SOM) in the crop rotation suggests that 8.4 mg N/kg of soil are mineralized for each 1.0% increase in SOM. The mean SOM content of soils in the study is 3.97%. For rain-fed crops, periods of reduced precipitation inhibit soil nutrient solubilization and translocation that negatively impacts a complex system of soil microbial respiration, fungal activity, plant nutrient supply, crop yield, and animal grazing days. The extent of soil drying in 2017 compared to moist soil in 2019 and somewhat drier soil in the 2020 cropping season will be presented. With drying, soil pH declined as soluble salt became more concentrated resulting in a more acidic condition. Naturally, reduced precipitation contributes to minimized plant and root growth, which contributed to reduced SOM content and nitrogen mineralization. For most of the crops in the diverse crop rotation, the percent of microbial active carbon, organic C : N ratio, and organic N : inorganic N ratio declined. Ward Lab Haney Test results for 24-hour microbial respiration provide measurements of microbial community and organismal diversity. Mean microbial biomass under drought conditions (2017), in the crop rotation, was 1,637 ng/g of soil. With the return to normal precipitation (2019) soil microbial biomass was 4,804 ng/g of soil; a 193.5% increase. While total microbial biomass increased with return to normal precipitation in 2019, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) did not reestablish in sunflower, cover crop, corn, and spring wheat-control, and only slight levels of AMF were measured in the pea-barley and spring wheat-rotation crops. Declining soil pH effects mineral nutrient availability among copper, manganese, zinc, and aluminum. At pH levels less than 5 (strongly acidic), aluminum availability becomes toxic to plants. Drought effected soil pH in this integrated systems research declined 9.5% to a mean crop pH value of 5.95, which at this pH level aluminum is sufficiently hydrated to be non-toxic. Return to normal precipitation (2019) increased the crop rotation pH mean to 6.58.</p>