Abstract
In order to solve the incompatibility between high porosity and mechanical properties, this study fabricates bone scaffolds by combining braids and sodium alginate (SA) membranes. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plied yarns are braided into hollow, porous three dimensional (3D) PET braids, which are then immersed in SA solution, followed by cross-linking with calcium chloride (CaCl2) and drying, to form PET bone scaffolds. Next, SA membranes are rolled and then inserted into the braids to form the spiral and porous PET/SA bone scaffolds. Samples are finally evaluated for surface observation, porosity, water contact angle, compressive strength, and MTT assay. The test results show that the PET bone scaffolds and PET/SA bone scaffolds both have good hydrophilicity. An increasing number of layers and an increasing CaCl2 concentration cause the messy, loose surface structure to become neat and compact, which, in turn, decreases the porosity and increases the compressive strength. The MTT assay results show that the cell viability of differing SA membranes is beyond 100%, indicating that the PET/SA bone scaffolds containing SA membranes are biocompatible for cell attachment and proliferation.
Highlights
Tissue engineering, a field comprising different sciences, emphasizes the development of the bio-substitute as well as repair, maintenance of, or improvement on the functions of tissues [1]
sodium alginate (SA) transforms into hydrogel as a result of the combination of bivalent cations [5], and a cross-linking with CaCl2 can prevent the hydrogel from dissolving in solution, such as a medium, which enables its application in three dimensional (3D) bone scaffolds [2]
The bone scaffolds used in bone tissue engineering are required to have (a) biocompatibility, which allows their performance in the host without causing any immune responses; (b) an interconnected pore structure, which contributes to an even distribution of stress over the entire bone scaffold, a high porosity and a large specific area that allow tissues to grow inwardly, angiogenesis, and the formation of bones, capillary chemistry, and osteoinductivity and (c) mechanical properties, which provide the impaired area with temporary support and bear the interior load of the body
Summary
A field comprising different sciences, emphasizes the development of the bio-substitute as well as repair, maintenance of, or improvement on the functions of tissues [1]. The bone scaffolds used in bone tissue engineering are required to have (a) biocompatibility, which allows their performance in the host without causing any immune responses; (b) an interconnected pore structure, which contributes to an even distribution of stress over the entire bone scaffold, a high porosity and a large specific area that allow tissues to grow inwardly, angiogenesis, and the formation of bones, capillary chemistry, and osteoinductivity and (c) mechanical properties, which provide the impaired area with temporary support and bear the interior load of the body. This study combines PET braids and SA membranes in order to yield sufficient mechanical properties, a high porosity, and a three-dimensional structure, which can fortify the repair ability of the impaired bones. Afterwards, the SA membranes that have been cross-linked with CaCl2 solution are rolled and inserted into the stabilized PET braids to form PET/SA bone scaffolds, the mechanical properties and porosity of which are evaluated. The structural design proposed by this study can provide the outer layer with porosity, which facilitates the transmission of nutrition and impurities and mechanical properties that can support the whole structure, while the interlayer of SA membranes can help with cell attachment for tissue growth
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