Abstract
The production of sustainable and effective flame retardant (FR) polyamide 6 (PA6) fibrous materials requires the establishment of a novel approach for the production of polyamide 6/FR nanodispersed systems. This research work explores the influence of three different flame-retardant bridged 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) derivatives on the comprehensive properties of in situ produced PA6/FR systems. To this end, in situ water-catalyzed ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactam was conducted in the presence of three different bridged DOPO derivatives, e.g., one P−N bond phosphonamidate derivative and two P−C bond phosphinate derivatives. The selected bridged DOPO derivatives mainly act in the gas phase at the temperatures that relatively match the PA6 pyrolysis specifics. The effects of the FRs on the dispersion state, morphological, molecular, structural, melt-rheological, and thermal properties of the in situ synthesized PA6 were evaluated. The specific advantage of this approach is one-step production of PA6 with uniformly distributed nanodispersed FR, which was obtained in the case of all three applied FRs. However, the applied FRs differently interacted with monomer and polymer during the polymerization, which was reflected in the length of PA6 chains, crystalline structure, and melt-rheological properties. The applied FRs provided a comparable effect on the thermal stability of PA6 and stabilization of the PA6/FR systems above 450 °C in the oxygen-assisted pyrolysis. However, only with the specifically designed FR molecule were the comprehensive properties of the fiber-forming PA6 satisfied for the continuous conduction of the melt-spinning process.
Highlights
The semicrystalline linear polyamide 6 (PA6) polymer is one of the most important synthetic fiber-forming polymers because of its excellent processing properties and good mechanical and tribological properties
We investigated the perspective of a one-step process of PA6 polymerization with simultaneous incorporation of flame retardant (FR)
The results showed that this approach enabled production of the PA6 with uniformly distributed nanodispersed flame retardants in the case of all three applied ED, NED, and PHED flame retardants
Summary
The semicrystalline linear polyamide 6 (PA6) polymer is one of the most important synthetic fiber-forming polymers because of its excellent processing properties and good mechanical and tribological properties. The fourth approach proposed by our research group considers the in situ polymerization of ε-caprolactam in the presence of non-reactive 6,60 -(1-Phenylethane-1,2-diyl)bis(dibenzo[c,e][1,2]-oxaphosphinine-6-oxide) (PHED), which is a bridged DOPO derivative [28] This approach enables one-step production of a linear PA6 back bone with well-dispersed physically incorporated FR in the PA6 matrix, which has proven to be highly beneficial for the effective flame retardancy at lowered FR concentrations. FRs in the in situ polymerization process provides an insight into their influence on the morphological, molecular, structural, melt-rheological, and thermal properties of produced PA6 polymers, as well as the polymer interactions with the incorporated FRs. These research results are important for the further optimization and development of directions toward future sustainable flame-retardant PA6 textile materials
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