Abstract
An elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration and frequent droughts are two anticipated climate change scenarios in which certain invasive weeds may develop competitive advantages over crops and adversely impact productivity and herbicide efficacy. Hence, a study was conducted to explore the effect of different climatic scenarios on the growth and management of Sesbania cannabina (Retz.) Pers with glyphosate. The variables investigated were two CO2 concentrations (400 and 700 ppm), two soil moisture levels (100% and 50% of field capacity (FC)), and three glyphosate rates (0 (control), 517 (50% of recommended rate), and 1034 g ae ha−1 (recommended rate)). CO2 concentrations and soil moisture levels had different effects on the growth and management of S. cannabina. Overall, 100% FC and elevated [CO2] of 700 ppm recorded the maximum plant height (38 cm), leaves per plant (20), growth index (60), chlorophyll content (SPAD value 37), and dry biomass (3 g) in comparison with ambient [CO2] of 400 ppm and 50% FC treatment. The recommended glyphosate application gave 100% weed biomass reduction; however, efficacy was reduced (63%) when applied at 50% of the recommended rate under elevated [CO2] of 700 ppm and 50% FC conditions.
Highlights
Accepted: 30 April 2021The changes in global climate resulting from emissions of greenhouse gases are impacting both agricultural and natural ecosystems, reducing native biodiversity, agricultural productivity, and global food security [1,2]
Soil water stress negatively affected the growth of S. cannabina; this effect was most severe in the ambient [CO2 ] of
The present research suggests that S. cannabina grown in an elevated [CO2 ] of 700 ppm will be taller, with more leaves, a high growth index, longer root length, greater fresh and dry biomass, and greater chlorophyll content when compared to plants grown in an ambient [CO2 ] of 400 ppm (Figures 1–4)
Summary
Accepted: 30 April 2021The changes in global climate resulting from emissions of greenhouse gases are impacting both agricultural and natural ecosystems, reducing native biodiversity, agricultural productivity, and global food security [1,2]. The key climatic variables identified as important to plant growth are rising atmospheric [CO2 ], warming temperatures, and uneven rainfall patterns, leading to droughts and floods [3] Amongst these changes, the rising atmospheric [CO2 ] and drought are the two variables having the most immediate impact on the physiology and reproductivity of plants, including weeds [3]. According to the latest predictions, the atmospheric [CO2 ] may surpass 550 ppm by 2050 and 700 ppm by 2100 [2] This rising atmospheric [CO2 ] can influence the growth and productivity of certain crop plants and weeds through adjusting their physiological, biochemical, and reproductive processes, with the impact being more conspicuous for C3 plants, with an increase in their photosynthetic activity by up to 200% [5,6,7,8]
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