Abstract
Vitamin C de®ciency or excess can modulate the immune response and alter the disease susceptibility pattern in ®sh (Blazer 1992). The bene®cial effects of high dietary levels of vitamin C on different immune parameters (both speci®c and non-speci®c) and resistance to infection have been reported by a number of authors (Durve & Lovell 1982; Li & Lovell 1985; Wahli, Meier & P®ster 1986; Liu, Plumb, Guerin & Lovell 1989; Navarre & Halver 1989; Hardie, Fletcher & Secombes 1991; Meier, Schmitt & Wahli 1991; Verlhac & Gabaudan 1994; Ortuno, Esteban & Megeguer 1999). There has been very little research on this topic in Indian major carps. However, Agrawal & Mahajan (1980) have reported de®ciency syndromes of vitamin C in mrigal, Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton).
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