Abstract
Furrow irrigation has low irrigation performances due to inescapable irrigation water loss through runoff and deep percolation. This study was conducted under small farmers to study combined influence of furrow irrigation flow rate and irrigation systems on irrigation performance parameters. The purposes of study were to evaluate outcome of furrow irrigation flow rate and irrigation systems on application efficiency, distribution efficiency, storage efficiency and deep percolation loss using field experiment. The field experiment had two factors of three furrow irrigation system (AFI, FFI & CFI) and four furrow irrigation inflow rate (Q1, Q2, Q3 & Q4). Field experimental plot was made in randomized complete block design with factorial arrangement of twelve treatment combinations and three replications. The collected field variables were management variables (irrigation performances) and site variables (soil type, soil moisture and furrow bed slope). The results show that, influence of furrow irrigation inflow rate and irrigation systems on irrigation performance parameters were highly significant (P<0.01). However, no significant difference among irrigation systems were observed in case of distribution uniformity (Du) expect furrow inflow rate. Interaction effect of irrigation systems and furrow inflow rate on irrigation performance parameter such as Ea, Du and DP were significant (p<0.05) expect storage efficiency. The highest values of distribution uniformity were 93.45% was observed under CFIQ4 treatment combination while the least value of distribution uniformity was 81.58% was observed under AFIQ1 treatment combination. The highest values of application efficiency 68.35% was observed under AFIQ4 treatment combination and the least value of application efficiency 53.60% was observed for CFIQ1 treatment combination. However, the highest values of deep percolation loss 46.60% was obtained under CFIQ1 treatment combination and the least value of deep percolation loss 31.65% was found under AFIQ4 treatment combination. It can be concluded that best result in improving application efficiency, distribution efficiency, and storage efficiency with the reduction of deep percolation loss were obtained under Alternative furrow irrigation with maximum non erosive furrow inflow rate.
Highlights
In surface irrigation, furrow irrigation is the most widely used and considered as low water application efficiency and distribution uniformity
The values of furrow geometric parameters and basic infiltration rate were used as input in the determination of infiltration parameters ‘k and a’ in Kostiakov-Lewis equation
The depth of water infiltrated along furrow length determined using the following equation
Summary
Furrow irrigation is the most widely used and considered as low water application efficiency and distribution uniformity. Proper design and best management of the furrow irrigation can led to increased water use efficiency and cultivated area [1]. Inappropriate management and design are the central causes for deprived performance of furrow irrigation systems. Furrow irrigation method has the shortcoming of inducing soil erosion in the irrigated farms there by posing a great threat to sustainability of surface irrigated agricultural productivity. The rate and severity of soil loss is not ever a function of specific element, interactive effect of field parameters, design variables and irrigation management systems. Irrigators face Severe rivalry for limited water resources from other divisions of economic activity But, the query is which type of furrow irrigation methods (conventional, Alternative and fixed furrow irrigation system) used with combination of furrow irrigation decision variables are urgent problem under small holder farmer in order to maximize benefits and minimize water use
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