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Abstract
BackgroundPhytanic acid produced in ruminants from chlorophyll may have preventive effects on the metabolic syndrome, partly due to its reported RXR and PPAR- α agonist activity. Milk from cows fed increased levels of green plant material, contains increased phytanic acid concentrations, but it is unknown to what extent minor increases in phytanic acid content in dairy fat leads to higher circulating levels of phytanic acid in plasma of the consumers.ObjectiveTo investigate if cow feeding regimes affects concentration of plasma phytanic acid and risk markers of the metabolic syndrome in human.DesignIn a double-blind, randomized, 4 wk, parallel intervention study 14 healthy young subjects were given 45 g milk fat/d from test butter and cheese with 0.24 wt% phytanic acid or a control diet with 0.13 wt% phytanic acid. Difference in phytanic acid was obtained by feeding roughage with low or high content of chlorophyll.ResultsThere tended to be a difference in plasma phytanic acid (P = 0.0730) concentration after the dietary intervention. Plasma phytanic acid increased significantly within both groups with the highest increase in control group (24%) compared to phytanic acid group (15%). There were no significant effects of phytanic acid on risk markers for the metabolic syndrome.ConclusionsThe results indicate that increased intake of dairy fat modify the plasma phytanic acid concentration, regardless of cows feeding regime and the minor difference in dietary phytanic acid. Whether the phytanic acid has potential to affects the risk markers of the metabolic syndrome in human still remain to be elucidated.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01343576
Highlights
Phytanic acid produced in ruminants from chlorophyll may have preventive effects on the metabolic syndrome, partly due to its reported retinoid-X receptor (RXR) and PPAR- a agonist activity
The results indicate that increased intake of dairy fat modify the plasma phytanic acid concentration, regardless of cows feeding regime and the minor difference in dietary phytanic acid
Phytanic acid is a multi branched-chain fatty acid formed through the metabolism of phytol, which is released from the chlorophyll molecule in the rumen of ruminant animals [1]
Summary
Phytanic acid produced in ruminants from chlorophyll may have preventive effects on the metabolic syndrome, partly due to its reported RXR and PPAR- a agonist activity. The potential health-promoting properties is based on the fact that animal and in vitro studies have shown that phytanic acid might have preventive effects on metabolic dysfunctions, since it in animal studies increase expression of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation, enhance glucose uptake and metabolism in hepatocyte and potentially reduce metabolic efficacy through increased differentiation of brown adipocyte differentiation and expression of uncoupling protein-1 [5,6,7] These effects have partly been explained by the PPAR and RXR agonist activity of phytanic acid [6,8,9,10]. Earlier observational studies have found a significant correlation between dairy fat intake and plasma levels of phytanic acid [3,11,12] this is to over knowledge, the first controlled human intervention study in which the relation between dairy fat intake and plasma phytanic acid are directly established
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