Abstract
Verticillium wilt, caused by Verticillium dahliae, challenges olive cultivation and an Integrated Disease Management (IDM) approach is the best-suited tool to combat it. Since 1998, an IDM strategy in an orchard (called Granon, Spain) of the susceptible cv. Picual was conducted by increasing planting density with moderately resistant cv. Frantoio, chemical weed control, and replanting of dead olives with cv. Frantoio following soil solarization. The Verticillium wilt epidemic in Granon orchard was compared to the epidemic in a non-IDM orchard (called Ancla, Spain) with plowed soil and dead Picual olives replanted with the same cultivar. Field evaluations (2012–2013) showed an incidence and severity of the disease as Picual–Ancla > Picual–Granon > Frantoio–Granon. The spatiotemporal dynamics of the Verticillium epidemics from 1998 to 2010 were monitored with digital images using SIG. The annual tree mortalities were 5.6% for Picual olives in Ancla orchard, and 3.1 and 0.7% for Picual and Frantoio olives in Granon orchard, respectively. There was a negative relationship between the mortality of olive trees (%) by the pathogen and the height (m) above sea level. The annual mortality of cv. Picual olives was positively correlated with spring rainfalls. The Index of Dispersion and beta-binomial distribution showed aggregation of Verticillium-dead olives. In conclusion, this IDM strategy considerably reduced the disease in comparison with traditional agronomic practices.
Highlights
The olive tree (Olea europaea L. subsp. europaea) is one of the most important woody crops around the world
Both orchards originally belonged to the same owner, and they were planted with V. dahliae–susceptible herbaceous crops for 25 years
The impact of the Integrated Disease Management (IDM) strategy on Verticillium wilt of olive was evaluated by comparing the disease on the susceptible olive cv
Summary
The olive tree (Olea europaea L. subsp. europaea) is one of the most important woody crops around the world. Spain accounts for the largest production of both olive oil and table fruit. In this country, the major area of olive groves covers around 1.65 million hectares and is located in Andalusia, Southern region, being one-third concentrated in the province of Jaen (ESYRCE, 2019). Managing Verticillium Wilt of Olive of olive have been mainly driven by (i) the olive colonization of soils historically cropped with cotton, which is a major host of V. dahliae; and (ii) the spread of the defoliating (D) pathotype of the pathogen, which is more virulent than the previously dominant non-defoliating pathotype (ND) (Navas-Cortes et al, 2008; Lopez-Escudero et al, 2010; Milgroom et al, 2016). The D isolates of V. dahliae cause defoliation in olive and cotton, whereas ND isolates cause wilting but no defoliation (LopezEscudero et al, 2004; Jimenez-Diaz et al, 2017)
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