Abstract
The polycrystalline LixNi0.2Zn0.8-2xFex+2O4 and LixNi0.1Cu0.1Zn0.8-2xFex+2O4 (x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3) ferrites were synthesized by the standard solid-state reaction method. The compound was sintered at 1150˚C for 5 hours. The effect of Cu substitution and its impact on the crystal structure, microstructure, complex initial permeability and magnetization of the Ni-Zn ferrites were studied. The effect of Li+ incorporation on the properties mentioned above was also investigated. X-ray diffraction patterns of the samples indicated a single cubic spinel structure for both the compound. No effect of Cu addition on crystal structure was observed. The density of the ferrites was found to be enhanced because of adding Li whereas the porosity of the samples decreased with the content of Li ions. The average value of grain size increased with the addition of Li content. The samples having Cu ions formed bigger size grains. Frequency-dependent complex initial permeability, loss tangent, and relative quality factor were studied at room temperature using an Impedance analyzer in the range of 100 Hz - 120 MHz regions. In the low-frequency region, the prepared samples exhibited a high value of permeability and after a certain frequency, the permeability falls. The value of permeability enhanced with the increase in Li whereas loss tangent was found to be reduced. The relative quality factor graphs described that the compound has excellent frequency stability up to a certain frequency which is suitable to be used in inductors, resistors, capacitors, etc. Initial permeability for LixNi0.1Cu0.1Zn0.8-2xFex+2O4 ferrites was found high than LixNi0.2Zn0.8-2xFex+2O4 which might be attributed to having bigger size grains of Cu containing samples because of easy movement of domain wall in bigger size grains. The values of saturation magnetization (Ms) were calculated for both compounds from M-H hysteresis loops and it enhanced with the increase in Li content which might be related to the modification of predominant exchange interactions between the cations. The Cu-containing compound exhibited higher values of saturation magnetization. The cation distribution reflects this increment because ferromagnetic Ni2+ and paramagnetic Cu2+ ions occupied in the B-sites and the diamagnetic Zn and paramagnetic Li occupied in the A-sites; therefore, net magnetic moments increased gradually. The studied materials might be used as an alternative to Pb-based compounds and would be environment friendly.
Highlights
The demand for magnetic ceramics in the modern technological world is increasing day by day because of their versatile contribution to the miniaturization of many electrical devices
Various compositions of non-magnetic Cu ion added and Li doped Ni-Zn ferrites were synthesized by the conventional solid-state reaction technique
Microstructure of LixNi0.2Zn0.8−2xFex+2O4 and LixNi0.1Cu0.1Zn0.8−2xFex+2O4 was measured using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and average grain size was determined from the collected images following linear intercept technique
Summary
The demand for magnetic ceramics in the modern technological world is increasing day by day because of their versatile contribution to the miniaturization of many electrical devices. The spinel soft ferrites have high demand because of their highest possible number of symmetries [1] [2] [3] In research, it gained a lot of interest because of its low price and easy magnetizing and demagnetizing properties. A large number of researchers are working on Ni-Cu-Zn ferrites because Ni-Zn ferrites create cation vacancies, unsaturated oxygen ions and excessive electrons due to the loss of Zn during the calcination and sintering process [5]. These unwanted problems are reduced by the substitution of nonmagnetic metal ions (such as Cu) in Ni-Zn ferrites. Detailed studies of the effect of Cu2+ incorporation on structure, density, microstructure, complex initial permeability, and magnetization of Li doped Ni-Zn ferrites have been reported here
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